Beauty Products

Shilo Kumpf English 101, 12:40-1:40 Final Beauty Products Dry skin is no fun, try this lotion out and your skin will never be dry again. A lot of ads for beauty products will have girls in the Pictures that have flawless faces and their eyes are perfect there skin looks like it has never seen a pimple before. What I see a lot of is â€Å"clinically proven†. â€Å" Smoother firmer skin as well†. These are just a couple of sayings that I see a lot of in these ads. You see it for lotions and foundations as well.Looking at Ads can be deceiving I think. As I flip through my People, Elle, and Lucky magazines I,am noticing certain things that catch my attention. The flashy pictures showing the product on Taylor Swift, Pink, and other celebrities. They use a lot of celebrities in these ads, making people think that it will work cause they see their favorite celebrity is using the product. I see a Origins ad and it says â€Å"clinically proven to heal dry skin†, along wit h â€Å"Keeping your skin hydrated for a full 48hrs†. In this picture it shows a lant of some sort and some water for the hydrating part. Then is goes into a short summary of what the product can do for your skin telling you that your skin could be dry because it’s lacking a molecule that their product carries. Do you think the product really works? Or are they just trying to get you to buy their product? Just because you see the flashy picture and the celebrity you think to yourself, yes it will work.As I look in the magazines I come across more beauty products that have more celebrities telling you that one bottle help it all, moother face, no more lines covers evenly. Again you see that flawless face the perfect eyes and you think that their product works cause if Ellen or Taylor Swift uses it then it works. Covergirl, how many people actually use it? A lot of people probably use it cause again they see the nice flawless face it gives you the perfect eyes you will h ave if you use their eyeliner, foundation and mascara together all together. On their foundation ad it it shows Rihanna looking so good with her face glowing and the tag ine under her says, â€Å"Take off that mask and let your skin breathe with clean makeup! † So of course people see that and think I would love to look like Rihanna’s perfect face.Why do ads make you think that you will look like a celebrity if you wear there makeup? Another Cover girl ad is a Taylor Swift one her light skin looks perfect they have the rite lighting on it the tag line says, â€Å"introducing a breath of fresh air flawless coverage with a light as air feel† They use the word â€Å"NEW† as well to atch the attention of many girls out there. Seeing the word new catches my attention I want to see the new product and use it of course. Also they use the word natural to make people think its good for you. I think in my opinion is they use photoshop to make these celebrities look good and make the people buy it. I could get on my Photoshop and make myself look flawless. Cause we all know that nobody is perfect in this world, just because you use cover girl or have a lot of money to make you look good your still like everybody else. (597ct)

Describe and Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience

Obedience results from pressure to comply with authority. Children are taught to obey from an early age by their care givers, in order for them to conform in society. The authoritarian rule continues through their education and working life, and is then passed on to the next generation. This essay will focus on the work of the American psychologist Stanley Milgram. It will also look at other studies into obedience that evolved from Milgram’s experiments from the early 1960s. Stanley Milgram is one of the leading researchers into the psychology of obedience.Rice et al (2008) and was interested why thousands of German soldiers blindly obeyed orders that resulted in the death of millions of Jewish people during World War II. However if a soldier is obeying orders from their superiors, then should responsibility for the consequences be held to those superiors? But evidence suggests that there was a mass willingness of tens of thousands of people to cooperate with the Nazi regime, even to the extent of shopping neighbours to the Gestapo. Rice et al (2008). The Allies saw the Germans as an authoritarian, militaristic and obedient nation.Suggesting an explanation for this extreme behaviour. Adorno et al (1950) claimed that it was the authoritarian personality that was responsible for the persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany. Milgram was sceptical of this, believing that obedience was owed more to the situation than to the national character of a particular nation. So in the early 1960s Milgram conducted a series of experiments to support his theory. The aim of Milgram’s Study of Obedience (1963) was to investigate how far people would go in obeying an authority figure. He advertised in local newspapers.The ad was for participation in a study of learning at Yale University. Participants would be paid $4. 50 just for turning up. Through the ads, Milgram had signed up 40 males between the ages of 20 to 50 with various occupations, and all came from a ran ge of educational backgrounds. Believing they were participating in the effects of punishment on learning, the participants were brought to a laboratory setting at Yale, where they would be individually tested. Here they met with the experimenter, dressed in a grey laboratory coat, who appeared stern and impassive throughout the experiment (Class Handout 1).The other participant present would be a confederate to the experiment, and through a fixed lottery, would always be given the role of learner. The participant would then see his apparent peer be strapped to a chair and then the experimenter would attach electrodes to him. The participant was given an initial trail shock of 45 volts, then moved behind a partition. The experiment required the participant to ask the confederate questions on word pairs. For each mistake that was made, the participant was to administer an electric shock to the learner, gradually increasing the voltage from 15 volts up to a lethal 450 volts.The only c ontact with the learner was through an intercom. Throughout the test, the participant would be observed by the experimenter. During the experiment the learner would constantly make mistakes. As the voltage would increase with each incorrect answer, at specific levels, the learner would protest about the shocks. Beginning with moans and groans, begging to be released, kicking the wall and at 315 volts there would be no further responses (Class Handout 1. As the shocks, and responses, increased many of the participants became upset.Three of the participants had uncontrollable seizures, one being so severe that the experiment had to be halted Rice et al (2008). Any questions the participants asked the experimenter during the test, whether it be a request to stop the experiment or asking about the welfare of the learner, would result in the experimenter responding with four verbal prods to continue. Only after the fourth prod would the experiment would finish or when the maximum amount of shocks had been delivered. The results showed that 65% of the participants continued to the maximum level.The results of the first experiment are difficult to generalise to the whole population as Milgram only used American males as participants. Therefore, in a series of follow up experiments, Milgram (1974) investigated factors which may vary the level of obedience. Rice et al (2008). Depending on the variations to the original experiments, the results changed considerably – with 92% complete obedience with the two teacher condition. This would be were the participant would be paired with a second confederate also playing the role of teacher.It would be the confederate delivering the shocks while the participant would only read the questions (Class Handout 1). The allocation of responsibility had now shifted to the confederate who was administering the shocks. The other notable change would be the social support condition which showed a significant drop, with only 10% co mplete obedience. Two more confederates would join the participant as teachers, but soon refused to obey. Most subjects stopped very soon after the others (Class Handout 1).This would imply that disobedience, or obedience, is more likely to happen when there is social pressure present. To test the ecological validity of Milgram’s work Bickman (1974) used 3 male experimenters, dressed in one of three ways: a sports coat and tie, a milkman’s uniform or a security guard's uniform. The experimenters randomly gave 153 pedestrians one of three orders. (Class Handout 2). Bickman found that most people obeyed the experimenter dressed as the guard. This might explain how obedience can be related to perceived authority – thus supporting Milgram’s findings.On the other hand the orders, unlike Milgram’s were not so unreasonable – and so in a public setting, it would be down to attitudes and individual differences as to whether people would comply with a ny mundane requests, regardless of what they are wearing. Support is also shown by the results of Hofling et al (1966). In this experiment at a hospital, twenty-two nurses were called by an unknown doctor (a confederate), requesting they administer drugs to a patient. The order from the doctor, if they went through with it, would have the nurses disobey three hospital rules.First of all, they didn’t know the doctor that was calling them. Second, they didn’t have written authorization. And finally, the dose that was instructed to be given was twice as high as the maximum dosage allowed, this was also stated on the medicine bottle. Despite this twenty-one out of twenty-two nurses obeyed the telephoned instructions, before they were stopped and the situation explained to them. Rice et al (2008) Since being in a natural setting, the study was ecologically valid with the results supporting Milgram's theory.However on the other hand there are clear ethical issues with this s tudy in that the nurses were deceived, there was no consent given prior to the experiment and they had no right to withdraw. With Milgram’s original experiment being carried out in the 1960s, it may suggest that his results can no longer be justifiable in today’s modern society. With the ethical guidelines of today, a replication of the study would now seem impossible. Nevertheless, after making variations to some of Milgram’s procedures, Burger (2007) managed to replicate Milgram’s experiment.Going as far as using the same words in the memory test and the experimenter's lab coat. The most critical changes were made to the ethical treatment of the participants. The experiment was stopped at the 150 volt mark, this was also the point of the first vocal feedback from the learner. From looking at Milgram’s data, participants who continued past 150 volts, 79 percent went all the way to 450 volts. Burger (2007). This allowed them to estimate what the pa rticipants would do if they where allowed to continue. Deception was a criticism of the original experiment.To avoid this, participants were told at least three times that they had the right to withdraw and still receive the full payment. The results were similar to that of more than four decades ago. With 70% willing to continue after the 150 volts. With no significant differences between genders and even with the ethical restrictions, this Study supports Milgram’s original results of well over forty years ago. Another criticism of Milgram’s research is that it was only conducted with Americans and so lacks cross-cultural validity.The experiment has now been replicated across the globe, with the majority of studies showing high levels of obedience, with participants continuing to the maximum shock level. Ranging from 90% in Spain, 80% in Italy, Germany and Austria and 50% in the UK. Rice et al (2008). One exception to this would be in Australia, Kilham & Mann (1974) i n one variation of their experiments, their results showed a minor 16% obedience rate of the subjects, in comparison to Milgram’s original 65%.On the other hand, when looking at the methodology on this particular variation, there are a few notable changes. First of all the general population (male and female variations) that Milgram used had now been replaced by all female students. However the biggest difference is the confederate that was used in the Australian sample – they used a fellow female student. This may of impacted on the participants' willingness to cause pain to someone they saw as equal to themselves, thus resulting in the lower percentage of obedience.In general the results from the cultural and geographical variations continue to support Milgram’s findings. Throughout all the criticisms of Milgram’s early work, the general reliability and validity of these experiments from the early 1960s (as already discussed) have been continued through to modern times, across cultural variations and in and out of the laboratory setting. The results, although varying in some degrees (dependent upon the methodology used in the later studies) still show that people will obey authority even when it violates their core values and lead them to harm others.A criticism that persistently follows the Milgram experiment has been the ethical treatment of the participants in the experiment. Milgram's main defence centres on the debrief that all participants received afterwards. They all received a full report of the procedure and findings. They were also sent a questionnaire to complete which showed that a high percentage of participants stated they were happy they took part in the experiment. So although the experiment did breach today’s ethical guidelines, on the other hand Milgram did not breach these guidelines, since they did not exist at the time.

Essay about An Investigation of Postpartum Depression

An Investigation of Postpartum Depression Missing Works Cited The recent Andrea Yates murder trial brought a firestorm of controversy as the issue of postpartum depression (PPD) became a debated topic throughout the country. Did Andrea truly suffer from psychosis as she drowned her five children in the bathtub or was such defense a scheme to avoid the death sentence? Prosecutors suggested the spousal-revenge theory as a motive for the killings. Could she have committed murder to get back at a possessive and domineering husband? (1). The outcome of the trial was by no means exceptional as it was a murder case, which resulted in a life sentence conviction. It did however, create awareness within the medical field and mainstream†¦show more content†¦Depression scores were actually higher at 8 months of pregnancy with 13.5% of the participants assessed as depressed. Such percentage lowered to 9.1% at 8 weeks and 8.1% at 8 months postpartum (4). Postpartum depression is categorized into three forms according to symptoms experienced: 1. Postpartum blues is a common and usually short-lived condition which is characterized by weeping, emotional instability, low-self esteem, anxiety and vulnerability immediately after giving birth (5). 2. Postpartum depression (PPD) is more intense and incapacitating as it can often interrupt with the womans everyday activities. It can be accompanied by feelings of despair, anxiety, fatigue and irritability which linger and reoccur for months if no medical attention is given (5). 3.Women with postpartum psychosis suffer from insomnia, hyperactivity and hallucinations and delusions about death and possibly hurting the child. Psychosis is further accompanied with schizophrenia and has an onset of three months but can appear 18-24 months postpartum(6). Although the three categorizations may be useful for the identification and possible treatment of the illness, there are hormonal, psychological, social and environmental aspects which can also contribute to psychiatric illness. Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone hormone levels during pregnancy are considered a possible source of depression. Upon 24-48 hours after giving birth and delivering,Show MoreRelatedDifferences Between IPD And Meta-Examination1605 Words   |  7 Pageslarge sample size the model use as well as the capability to directly authenticate the model also it can disclose their analytic advantage. Both IPD and APD meta-investigations are viewed as valuable for outlining the aftereffects of various individual examinations that are each too little to give substantial outcomes.Combined investigations of APD is adroitly the same as meta-examinations of independent analysis form on IPD including assessing study- calculating treatment impacts, surveying heterogeneityRead MoreDepression And Postpartum Depression1720 Words   |  7 Pagesare all symptoms of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a severe mental disorder that some time will occur after giving birth or after being pregnant. According to research postpartum depression usually will occur within a year after giving birth. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 11 to 20% of women who give birth each year have postpartum depression symptoms. ). Although researchers have not been able to determine one main cause of postpartum depression, they have been ableRead MoreA Study On Postpartum Depression1196 Words   |  5 PagesRead over and organize write an intro paperrater grammark Introduction Postpartum depression has been a medical diagnosis in recent history. Though, postpartum depression has been a problem since the 18th century. Medicine has come long way in discovering treatment for postpartum depression, but the risks are still under investigation. Screening women for postpartum depression after delivery has been a trend in many hospitals, but what puts them at risk is important. There are many factors, butRead MoreThe Effects Of Postpartum Depression On Women871 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"some† and â€Å"people,† instead of women, can be seen as suggesting that both sexes are susceptible. The assertion that both men and women can experience postpartum depression is corroborated by a study done by Escribà  -Agà ¼ir and Artazcoz (2011). Despite the position of these two sources, Thurtle (1995) explicitly notes that diagnosis of postpartum depression should be â€Å"restricted to mothers with a depressive illness,† asserting that this patholog y exclusively affects women. Being that Thurtle’s study wasRead MoreEffects Of Depression On High Income Countries1555 Words   |  7 PagesDepression, in general, affects more than 340 million people around the world and is reported to be the highest cause of disability in high-income countries (Demissie). 15% to 85% of mothers can experience postpartum â€Å"blues† with postpartum depression rates between 11.7% and 20.4% in the United States alone (Ersek). This depression can occur at anytime from post-delivery up to one year (Ersek). Giving birth comes with a wide variety of changes including physical, emotion and social. There are veryRead MoreDuring Clinical, I Had The Opportunity Of Working With1734 Words   |  7 Pagesmyself with my nurse in charge she was a little receptive to care. She was showing emotion of sadness, loneliness and little bonding connection with the baby i.e. less skin to skin contact which is essential right after birth of baby. Normally, on postpartum unit, you’d observe a lot of mother holding, bonding and observing and asking questions and addressing concerns. Once the baby arrives, the mother begins learning to respond to the baby s cues to fulfill his many needs. As the mother provides careRead MoreThe Effects Of Health Information Levels On Postpartum Depression1545 Words   |  7 PagesTitle Evaluation The title of the journal article to be critically evaluated is Influence of health information levels on postpartum depression. This title is not sufficiently specific because the variables are not easily understood. What is meant by health information levels? The reader must examine the article further to understand if this health information is provided, or does the article refer to the level of health-related knowledge each participant already possessed from another source, suchRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay4061 Words   |  17 Pages1 Running head: POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION 7 POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION Possibility of Predicting Postpartum Depression Stephanie Vasiljevs Charter Oak State College Abstract Pregnant women will be investigated to see if postpartum depression can be predicted and possibly prevented. The investigation will examine postpartum case histories, and academic journal articles, and secondary sources such as, text books and websites. Through this investigation, woman can find out triggers toRead MorePsychoanalytical Theory and Cognitive Behavior Theory1567 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to the particular disorder, postpartum depression. The results indicated that psychotherapeutic techniques were indeed effective and that the core areas of postpartum depression identified in a previous study by Lawrence Blum were accurate. The three core areas of emotional conflicts are: dependency, aggression, and motherhood. The authors of this study use a literature review to discover the ways in which psychoanalytical theory applies to postpartum depression. They show that research upholdsRead MoreThe Social Work Team At Asymca1531 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation’s uni que culture. In supervision we review archived cases with presenting problems such as marital conflict, parenting, bereavement and grief, adjustment into civilian life, overall military lifestyle stress that has lead to anxiety or depression, and special needs family members, to name a few. The social work team at ASYMCA has helped me to gain insight that many of our clients will be dealing with a stressful lifestyle in addition to deficient or traumatic pasts. Extensive research

The September 11, 2001 Attack On The United States

The September 11, 2001 attack on the United States will forever be remembered as one of the darkest days we faced as a nation. Almost 3000 lives were taken that day by a terrorist group using four commercial planes as weapons. Two of those planes were crashed into the World Trade Center, the third into the Pentagon and the fourth falling short of the White House landing in a field in Pennsylvania. The imagery of that heinous act still lingers among many including myself. I can recall exactly where I was and what I was doing. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..This horrific misfortune on our country has forever changed our lives and the way we travel. In the days following the 9-11 tragedy, the level of fear and uncertainty crippled our nation and its†¦show more content†¦People were terrified of flying and thus, the number of passengers flown started to decline. Rather than taking vacations, the vast majority of people were taking â€Å"staycation†. It took the airline industry about â€Å"three years to start recovering from this terrible disaster† (IATA). The government always had resources and efforts focused at counterterrorism but it was never a top priority until the 9-11 attack. Government. The public did not feel safe and blamed the government for letting this catastrophe come to our home front. Our government was under a lot of pressure and felt something need to be done quickly. On November 19, 2002 President George W. Bush passed the Homeland Security Act (HSA). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. This act was created to â€Å"prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the United states to terrorism, and minimize damage and assist in recovery for terrorist attacks that occur in the United States†(†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦). This HSA drastically restructured our government agencies in an effort to heighten national security and laid the foundation establishing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This was the most drastic change of government agencies since the National Security Act of 1947. There were some shifting around of agencies and their roles after the reorganization. For example, the Coast guard use to fall under the Department of Transportation and after the HSA was passed,

Skin Cancer Essay - 1178 Words

The Causes and Symptoms of Skin Cancer The Causes and symptoms of Skin Cancer While tanning beds and extreme use/exposure to UV rays are ways to get skin cancer, there are also various other ways to get it. Many don’t know that genetics and traits can actually play a huge role in developing this dangerous disease. They also don’t know that skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the U.S. today. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation more people over the last 300 years have had skin cancer than all of the other cancers combined. They say that one in five people develop skin cancer throughout their lifetime; some surviving, some moribund. Skin cancer starts in the outermost layer of skin called the epidermis. The epidermis†¦show more content†¦Basal cell carcinoma treatment is very important because it can eventually grow deeper into your skin and destroy the tissue and/ or bone (Carucci JA, 2013). It usually looks like a raised, smooth, pearly bump on sun-exposed skin of the head, neck shou lders or back of hands. BCC is often mistaken for a sore that does not heal. (Staff, Skin Cancer Causes, 2012). Squamous Cell Cancer (SCC) is the next most common type of skin cancer. It accounts for about fifteen to twenty percent of skin cancers in individuals. SCC is two times as frequent in men as women and usually catches up with the victim at an older age. If the amount of sun/UV ray/lamp exposure is extremely great, it is possible to get it while at a young age also. Almost all of squamous cell carcinomas result from extreme exposure to UV rays, the sun, and/or lamps (Staff, Skin Cancer Causes, 2012). It is possible to get squamous cell carcinoma on any part of your body. A common place for women to get SCC is on their legs. Some types of SCC look like a common, well-defined, thick, red, scaly patch/ bump on one’s skin. If it is left untreated, it can form into a big mass and possibly spread to other parts of the body (Michael S Lehrer, 2013). The least common, yet mos t harmful, type of skin cancer is called malignant melanoma. It accounts for less than ten percent of skin cancers in individuals. This type of cancer can and most likely will kill a victim if not found earlier in a cancerShow MoreRelatedSkin Cancer1352 Words   |  6 Pagesare not taking skin cancer seriously after knowing its significance. Skin cancer has been a growing problem in the United States and millions of people have suffered from it every year. The three most common skin cancers are Melanoma, Basal cell, and Squamous cell, which can cause bumps, sores, growths, etc. Skin cancer is a deadly disease with many causes, but the advantage is that it can be prevented. Problem/Definition Skin cancer is a disease where cancer (malignant) cellsRead MoreEssay On Skin Cancer1814 Words   |  8 PagesSkin cancer is a very real and common health problem for Australians, with 2 in 3 developing this deadly disease by the age of 70 (Lynch, 2006). â€Å"Due to the Australian climate and lifestyle, as well as a predominantly fair skinned population, skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in Australia,† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2000). For the most effective prevention against skin cancer, it is recommended that a combination of sun safety measures are met; slip, slop, slap,Read MoreSkin Cancer Essays629 Words   |  3 PagesSkin Cancer What is it and how to prevent it Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers. There are three types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. In this presentation I plan to discuss a little about each of these cases as well as tell ways to prevent and treat them. The first most common skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma. This cancer develops in the basal or bottom layer of the epidermis, which is the top layer of the skinRead MoreLiterature Review On Skin Cancer2421 Words   |  10 PagesLiterature Review Skin cancers have become increasingly prevalent over the last 30 years, with 87,000 new melanoma diagnoses per year in the United States (American Cancer Association, 2016). With regards to skin melanoma, medical professionals struggle most with the diagnosis rather than the treatment (Ferris et al., 2017). Therefore, it is important for the medical community to focus on diagnosis- related struggles. Pigmented Lesions and Routine Dermopathy There are various types of pigmentedRead More Melanoma (Skin Cancer) Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesUV-B rays from the sun lead to premature aging of the skin, as well as the possible formation of skin cancer, know as melanoma. An appearance of a tan is actually a stage of burning and damage to the skin. Although a tan may be desirable to many, the fact remains that more people need to be educated on the dangers of the sun’s harmful rays, and the possible health complications of overexposure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main types of skin cancer. These are malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma,Read MoreIncidence Rate Of Skin Cancer1095 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Incidence rate of skin cancer are increasing day by day. Skin cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer but detected earlier can save the life time of the human being. An automated screening system is introduced to identify the presence of skin cancer in advance. In this paper, texture distinctiveness lesion segmentation algorithm is used. Experience and training-based characteristics of back propagation neural network is used with texture distinctiveness lesion segmentation algorithmRead MoreSkin Cancer Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Skin Cancer Thesis: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States but is highly curable if detected early and treated properly. Specific Purpose: to inform the audience about the different kinds of skin cancer and what preventive measures you can take to protect yourself from skin cancer. I. Introduction A. Do you know that skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States; two million people are diagnosed annually. B. Skin cancer is theRead MoreEssay about Skin Cancer and Expert Knowledge1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbody are both a source of material risk, from cancers, and a symbolic risk, such as being pale and unhealthy looking (Carter and Jordan, p. 76). This example shows how expert knowledge in the form of medical advice tells us to keep our skin covered so as to prevent exposure from the sun that could cause skin cancer, and how this is interpreted by society using the cultural practice of booking holidays and how they balance the material risk of skin cancer with the symbolic risk of getting a tan inRead MoreSkin Cancer : A Significant And An Increasing Health Problem Worldwide1638 Words   |  7 Pages Arjun Ramakrishnan Morgan State University Skin Cancer April 28, 2016 Health Education 103.001 Abstract Skin cancer is becoming a significant and an increasing health problem worldwide. The main cause of this type of cancer is due to the damage done by the Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sun. There are many other causes and behaviors which contribute towards skin cancer. Protecting the skin from sun by wearing appropriate clothing, a sunscreen with appropriate sun protectionRead MoreSkin Cancer Essay553 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer†, its a disease that has claim the lives of millions, its a disease that so far has no known cure, and its a disease that has many different forms. Cancer is defined as â€Å"a malignant form of tumors, which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division† (Starr, 1999, p. 213). Skin cancer is just one of the many forms of cancer that effects us and is the most common cancer in the U.S. Like so many others, I would assume that the major cause of

Student with Challenging Behavior Learning Disability

Question: Discuss about theStudent with Challenging Behavior forLearning Disability. Answer: Introduction: The challenging behavior of students with disabilities leads to learning disability becoming a significant barrier to their academic and social inclusion. A learning definition can be defined by three main requisites, those are, impairment of adaptive and social functioning and beginning in childhood. The disabilities that are associated with learning are variant from specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia, which, do not influence the intellectual capability. The term learning disability is the most accepted term all over the world. The amount of support that a person with learning disability needs depends on the seriousness of the disability. It is therefore important that each student be treated as a separate individual having certain strengths and weaknesses and needs (Chandler Dahlquist, 2014). This report discusses the development and maintenance of challenging behavior along with the strategies that is to be used by teachers and schools to prevent challenging behavior s. Additionally, the report shall also consist of a comparison between school wide positive behavior and positive behavior supports that are planned for individual students. The Development and Maintenance of Challenging Behavior: Emerson et al. developed the definition of challenging behavior, and the definition has become widely used in the perspective of learning disabilities. According to him, behavior of such intensity, frequency and duration that the physical safety of the person or others is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy or behavior which is likely to seriously limit or delay access to, and use of ordinary facilities. According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), children with learning disabilities display behavior that are challenging. Children possessing behavior that are challenging is an indication that such kind of behavior is a challenge to their family, services and take carers. Some of the typical behavior that students with challenging behavior have are attracting attention of other people, avoiding demands of peer group and lack of communication (Friend, 2013). This kind of behavior is an outcome of personal and environmental interaction including aggression, stereotypic behavior and self-injury, destructive behavior and withdrawal. Sometimes, it also includes sexual abuse, arson and violence and children may encounter the criminal justice system. Thus, it is easy for children with learning disabilities to encounter behavior that are challenging. The behavior becomes more challenging if students have severe disabilities (McLeskey et al., 2012). However, according to Janes et al., (2013) the prevalence rate of challenging behavior is between 5 to 15 percent in social care, health and educational services. The rates go higher in teenagers, especially children in their early twenties. For example, 30 to 45 percent in health care setting. People who have disabilities in learning also have specific communication problems, sensory impairments, physical or mental problems, dementia, autism, and other behavioral challenges. The behavior is visible only in certain kind of environment and the same behavior may be deemed as challenging in some other social or cultural setting. The behavior is an outcome of sensory impairment or avoiding demands. Typically care environments that in which there is lack of social interaction and significant occupation, lack of sensory input and lack of choice and sometimes too much noise. Moreover, it also included care environments that are unresponsive, unpredictable and crowded characterized by abuse and avoidance. To be able to identify the behavior that are challenging in nature proper risk assessments should be conducted, keeping in mind their biological and environmental need along with assessment of their functions. The interventions differ from child to child depending on the triggers that may be set at multiple levels of treatment. The aim should always be to protect the quality of life of the children. Effective Strategies that can be used by Schools and Teachers to Prevent or Reduce Challenging Behaviors: It was held by Cortiella Horowitz, 2014, that one of the most effective ways of managing challenging behavior that is developed by teachers is to attempt to prevent it from happening in the first place. Many schools have come up with many strategies that develop and promote positive behavior. This idea is an evolution that is based on the assumption that all kind of behavior whether negative or positive is learned and hence, acceptable behavior can be learned. Behavior is circumstantial so students can be taught to behave in a certain way in the context of school. Acceptable behavior of children should be reinforced by the school that should be supported with positive behavior. According to Bryant et al., 2016, many mainstream schools have become inclusive in their approach for managing children with disabilities. Mainstream schools, almost every day, encounter situations in which they have to manage children with challenging behaviors. Schools should have Code of Behavior that regulates the behavior of children with learning disabilities. Children are born with an inherent need for safe and secure environment. The classrooms of children can be one of the safest and stable environments for children. Children learn many behavioral aspects from their classrooms. Teachers have the obligation of modeling positive behavior with students by having a more positive approach towards them. According Matson et al., 2014, children are responsive to attention and react positively to behaviors that are reinforced. Teachers often catch children that are being good and reward them positively, and praise them for such actions. When children are reinforced with a positive attitude towards them, it enables them to cope up with behavioral issues easily. Many teachers have developed a formalized manner of praise and approach where children can earn points, stickers and rewards for positive behavior. Chung et al., 2012, provides advice to teachers and schools for the use of rewards for positive behavior: Reward properly for positive behavior as soon as possible The pay offs should be made small and easily achievable The rewards should be made cumulative The pay offs should be made cooperative A reward should not be taken back The element of surprise should always be made a part of rewards However, many disruptive behaviors are also a part of classroom activities at times especially when moving from one activity to the other activity. Thus, it is advisable for teachers and schools to plan their daily routines accordingly. It is also advisable for teachers and schools to give clear instructions to students and clarify their doubts with love and affection. Teachers give many set of instructions to students hence, it is important for teachers to ensure that children understand their instructions carefully. A Comparison Between School Wide Positive Behavior Supports and Positive Behavior Supports that are Planned and Implemented for Individual Students: Many strategies have been developed by schools as part of whole school approach for the promotion of positive behavior. Schools have reported that such a kind of approach has been more effective for children with challenging behavior. Many advantages are related with wide school approach. According to Bethune Wood, 2013, a common belief that schools that focus on care, respect and responsibility can be both a commencing point as well as an outcome of positive behavior. Some of the examples of ethos include assemblies where success of students is celebrated, positive attitude of parents and helping children with special educational needs. The keystone of such a belief is that is shared by the whole school community including children, parents, teacher and board of management. Whereas, the positive behavior approach (PBS) is variant from the wide school approach having less number of inclusions for controlling challenging behavior. According to Gebbie et al., 2012, challenging behaviors are learned and acquired and therefore they can be easily changed. According to the believers of the PBS approach, there is no wrong in wanting attention or escaping from a difficult situation. The PBS approach helps the children in attaining the life they need and this they do by increasing the ways of achieving the things children look for or rather hunt. The PBS approach helps people in acquiring new skills. The reason why they focus on children in acquiring new skills is that it shall help them in overcome difficult situations (Snell Brown, 2014). The PBS plan focuses on the development of two major strategies those are: Proactive Strategies: The proactive strategies allows children to get what they want on a daily basis and also teach them the appropriate skills for communication Reactive Strategies: The reactive strategies help the children to be safe and protected in an environment where they have no sense of fear. The PBS notes the reaction of children when they are placed in such a kind of environment and note their behavior accordingly. Therefore, it may be said that the wide school approach focuses more on reinforcement and having a positive attitude towards children whereas the PBS focuses more on the development of the adaptive skills of children. Conclusion: Teachers in isolation cannot meet the needs of children; there is a need of support of the whole community to address the issues related with challenging behavior. The support of wide school community in promotion of positive behavior is essential. This report has focused on the wide school approach as against the PBS approach for managing children with challenging behavior. Additionally, the report has also discussed appropriate strategies for managing children with challenging behavior. References: Bethune, K. S., Wood, C. L. (2013). Effects of coaching on teachers use of function-based interventions for students with severe disabilities.Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children,36(2), 97-114. Bryant, D. P., Bryant, B. R., Smith, D. D. (2016).Teaching students with special needs in inclusive classrooms. SAGE Publications. Bulgren, J. A., Sampson Graner, P., Deshler, D. D. (2013). Literacy challenges and opportunities for students with learning disabilities in social studies and history.Learning Disabilities Research Practice,28(1), 17-27. Chandler, L. K., Dahlquist, C. M. (2014).Functional assessment: Strategies to prevent and remediate challenging behavior in school settings. Pearson Higher Ed. Chung, Y. C., Carter, E. W., Sisco, L. G. (2012). Social interactions of students with disabilities who use augmentative and alternative communication in inclusive classrooms.American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,117(5), 349-367. Cortiella, C., Horowitz, S. H. (2014). The state of learning disabilities: Facts, trends and emerging issues.New York: National Center for Learning Disabilities. Friend, M. (2013).Special education: Contemporary perspectives for school professionals. Pearson Higher Ed. Gebbie, D. H., Ceglowski, D., Taylor, L. K., Miels, J. (2012). The role of teacher efficacy in strengthening classroom support for preschool children with disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviors.Early Childhood Education Journal,40(1), 35-46. Matson, J. L., Hess, J. A., Mahan, S. (2013). Moderating effects of challenging behaviors and communication deficits on social skills in children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,7(1), 23-28. McLeskey, J. M., Rosenberg, M. S., Westling, D. L. (2012).Inclusion: Effective practices for all students. Pearson Higher Ed. Rispoli, M., Ninci, J., Neely, L., Zaini, S. (2014). A systematic review of trial-based functional analysis of challenging behavior.Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,26(3), 271-283. Snell, M. E., Brown, F. E. (2014).Instruction of students with severe disabilities. Pearson Higher Ed.

Listeria Monocytogenes free essay sample

The bacterium was named monocytogenes because one distinguish characteristic of infection in rabbits, which was the production of monocytosis in blood (Shuin et al. , 1982). L. monocytogenes is phychrophilic, has a temperature for growth of 0Â °C to 45Â °C (Barbosa et al. 1994), and enjoys a competitive advantage against other gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms in cold environments, such as refrigerators. Recent investigations indicate that the organism can initiate growth at pH values as low as 4. 4. Also, it grows optimally at water activity of 0. 97. For the majority of strains, the minimum water activity needed for growth is 0. 93 (Lou et al. , 1999); however, some strains may be able to grow at water activity values as low as 0. 90 and survive for long periods of time at 0. 83 (Shahamat et al. , 1980). L. onocytogenes is able to grow in the presence of 10 to 12% sodium chloride; it grows to high populations in moderate salt concentrations (6. 5%). The bacterium survival in high-salt environments is significantly increased by lowering the temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Listeria Monocytogenes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Route of Exposure L. monocytogenes is particularly interesting as a foodborne pathogen in that it is ubiquitous in nature. The current understanding of human listeriosis epidemiology suggests that the organism is a common contaminant of food products. This contamination usually takes place on the surface of the products, with up to 15% harboring the organism. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the food processing chain is evidence by the widespread distribution of the listeriae in processed products. Occurrence of sporadic listeriosis appears to be more common in the spring and summer months. This could be explained by seasonal variations in the type of food products eaten by human populations, with higher-risk products eaten in the warmer months. Some outbreaks investigations suggest that certain ready-to-eat processed foods pose a high risk of contracting listeriosis for susceptible populations. These foods are usually preserved by refrigeration and offer an ppropriate environment for the multiplication of L. monocytogenes during manufacture, aging, transportation and storage. The entry of L. monocytogenes into food processing plants occurs through soil on clothing or equipments, contaminated hides or surfaces, and possibly healthy human carriers. The humidity and presence of nutrients support the growth of Listeria, which is commonly found in moist areas such as processing equipment, drains, etc (Cox et al. , 1989). In addition, Listeria can attach to different types of surfaces and biofilm formation has been observed in meat and dairy processing environment (Jeong et al. 1994). Post-processing contamination is the most likely route of contamination of processed foods. Currently, there is no evidence to indicate that L. monocytogenes can survive heat processing protocols. However, because it is a frequent contaminant of raw material used in food processing plants, there are plenty opportunities for reintroduction of listeriae into food processing facilities by cross contamination (Doyle, 1988). If the product is contaminated during its elaboration, the bacteria can survive and multiply throughout storage causing disease when it is consumed. In conclusion, epidemiologic investigations have repeatedly revealed that the consumption of contaminated food is the primary mode of transmission of listeriosis. Food has been identified as the vehicle of several major outbreaks of listeriosis investigated since 1981. Food Associated Some of the food products associated with L. monocytogenes include unpasteurized milk and products prepared from unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, frankfurters, delicatessen meats and poultry products, and some seafood. Raw milk is a well-known source of L. monocytogenes. Pasteurization effectively inactivates this organism. However, fluid milk that is contaminated after pasteurization and stored under refrigeration may achieve very high populations of L. monocytogenes after one week; Furthermore, temperature abuse may enhance the multiplication of bacterial cells. L. monocytogenes can also be found in cheese because of its relative hardiness to temperature fluctuations, ability to multiply at refrigeration temperature and salt tolerance. During manufacturing process, L. monocytogenes is primarily concentrate in the cheese curd, with only a very small portion of cells appearing in the whey. Then, during ripening of the cheese, the numbers of cells may increase (Camembert), decrease gradually (Colby or cheddar), or decrease rapidly (blue cheese) and then stabilize. In addition, cooked and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products have been implicated as the source of sporadic and epidemic listeriosis on several occasions in North America and Europe (Schwartz et al. , 1989). L. monocytogenes attaches strongly to the surface of raw meats and is difficult to remove or inactivate. The multiplication in meat and poultry depends on the type of meat, pH, and the type of cell populations of competitive flora (Farber et al. 1999). However, it has been shown that poultry supports the growth of L. monocytogenes better than other meats. Furthermore, the incidence of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat products has become a major concern for the meat processing industry. Ready-to-eat meat products that have been received a heat treatment followed by cooling in brine before packaging may provide a particularly conducive environment for multiplication of L. monocytogenes because of the reduction in competitive flora and the high salt tolerance of the organism. L. onocytogenes has also been isolated from domestic and imported, fresh, frozen, and processed seafood products, including crustaceans, molluscan shellfish and finfish (Jinneman et al. , 1999). However, seafood consumption is still much less when with consumption of meats and cheeses. Also, the production of seafood products is done on a much smaller scale than meat and cheese manufacture. This may be the reason that large outbreaks have not been reported and that case-control studies have not identified this group as a major risk of listeriosis (Rocourt et al. 2000) Characteristics of the disease Human disease usually occurs in high risk groups, who have a predisposing disease that leads to impairment of their T-cell mediated immunity. However, may occasionally occur in individuals with no predisposing conditions. Some of the high risk groups may include pregnant woman, neonates, and immunocompromised adults (Goulet et al. , 1996). On average, there are 0. 7 cases of listeriosis per 100,000 people, but the disease is seen three times higher in the elderly (gt;70) and 17 times higher in pregnant women. A wide variety of clinical syndromes have been associated with L. monocytogenes in both humans and animals. In healthy individuals, the disease can take the form of mild to substantial flu-like symptoms, including: fever, fatigue, nausea, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. More severe complications can include: encephalitis, septicemia, mononucleosis-like syndrome, pneumonia, endocarditis, aortic aneurysm, hepatitis, urethritis, rhombencephalitis, peritonitis, liver abscess, febrile gastroenteritis, CAPD peritonitis, septic arthritis, etc. (Dalton et al. , 1997). Lonocytogenes in pregnant women can lead to an intrauterine infection, resulting in stillbirths and miscarriages. Newborns can develop meningitis after birth via transplacental transmission. The onset time for serious complications of listeriosis can be anywhere from a couple of days to three weeks. Mortality of untreated infections is among the highest of all foodborne illnesses, 70 percent. The infective dose of L. monocytogenes is not yet known, it is related to variables, including: strain, susceptibility of the victim, type food from which is was consumed, etc. Mode of Action Listeria monocytogenes is the most invasive bacteria known. The principal site of infection is the liver, but it can invade many cell lines of different types (microphages, fibroblast, hepatocytes and epithelial cells). Listeria monocytogenes infects the host via oral route. Once the bacteria are ingested, they reach the intestine and are translocated between enterocytes and M cells (Pron et al. , 1998); however, the intestinal dendritic cells in the Peyer’s patches appear to be the preferred site for invasion and multiplication (Kolb-Maurer et al. 2000). Bacteria are then internalized by resident macrophages, in which they can survive and replicate. They are subsequently transported via the blood to regional lymph nodes. When they reach the liver and the spleen, most listeriae are rapidly killed. Depending on the level of T-cell response induced in the first days following initial infection, further dissemination via the blood to the brain or, in the pregnant individuals, the placenta may subsequently occur. In addition, bacteria are internalized in membrane-bound vacuoles, which are lysed within 30 minutes. Intracellular bacteria are released to the cytosol and begin to multiply with doubling time of about one hour. These intracytoplasmic bacteria become progressively covered by a cloud of cell actin filaments that later rearrange into a polarized comet tail up to 40 ? m in length (Crossart, 1995). The actin comet tail is made of actin microfilaments that are continuously assembled in the vicinity of the bacterium, then realeased and cross-linked. The entire bacteria cycle is completed in about 5 hours. If cytochalasin D is added after entry, bacteria do not spread within the cytosol. They replicate and form microcolonies in the vicinity of the nucleus. Hence, actin polymerization is essential to intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spreading. In summary, the pathogenic mechanism of L. monocytogenes involves the following steps: adhesion to the host cells, lysis of the phagosome, replication in the host cytoplasm, actin-based intracellular movement and propulsion, and the intercellular spread. Biotransformation Listeria monocytogenes is of interest to a board range of investigators, including food microbiologist, clinicians, immunologist, medical microbiologist, and even cell biologist because it is developing resistance to most currently used antibiotics. In the past, individuals who develop listeriosis have usually been treated with penicillin or ampicillin in conjunction with an aminoglycoside (Charpentier et al. , 1999), although tetracycline, erythromycin or chloramphenicol, alone or in combination, has also been used (Hof et al. , 1991). More recently, reports of resistance in Listeria spp. have been published. Such increases in antibiotic resistance have been linked to over-use of antibiotics in animals and humans (Rao, 1998) since these therapeutic compounds were identified nearly 60 years ago. This resistance may arise from a mutation in an intrinsic chromosomal gene, or by acquisition of exogenous genetic material carrying single or multiple resistance determinants (Levy, 1994). It is now clear that such transfer is possible between unrelated bacterial species (Kruse et al. 1994), and that these interactions are a frequent and important means of genetic exchanges among microorganisms. In conclusion, it is evident that antibiotic resistance is becoming more and more widely reported in all bacteria. Control and Prevention Because L. monocytogenes can grow at refrigerator temperatures, the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise all consumers to reduce the risk of illness by using a refrigerator thermometer to make sure that the refrigerator always stays at 40 Â °F or below and using perishable items that are precooked or ready-to-eat as soon as possible (CDC, 2005). For high risk groups it is recommended to not consume hot dogs and luncheon meats, unless they are reheated until steaming hot; not eat soft cheese such as Feta, Brie, and Camembert cheeses, unless it is labeled as made with pasteurized milk; not eat refrigerated smoked seafood, unless it is contained in a cooked dish; and not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or eat foods that contain unpasteurized milk. Therapy When listeriosis is a likely diagnosis, the use of ampicillin or, in penicillin-allergic patients, vancomycin will provide empiric coverage for L. onocytogenes until the diagnosis is made by culture. Once listeriosis is confirmed, a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin is the current therapy of choice for all forms of listeriosis. The duration of the treatment for invasive listeriosis has not been studied. Relapses appear to be uncommon, and two to three weeks of therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin is sufficient for most forms of listeriosis. Rhombencephalitis with abscess formation in the central nervous system may require more prolonged therapy, but data are not available that support treatment beyond four weeks (Lorber, 1997).