Internet technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet technology - Essay Example In addition, news can be received almost within a minute of their happening; and lastly, it has resulted in unintended threats such as cyber attacks among others. A new collaborative environment has developed on the internet in the past few years. People who would otherwise have not known each other or possibly interacted only a few years ago can now share information over the internet over extremely long distances and in different time zones. This has led to the development of new ideas which without the internet would never have come to into existence. A consequence of this is the reduction of physical interaction between people which has now become more or less non-physical. This lack of physical interaction has led to most people living a very artificial life which they can twist into anything they would like to be, although in most cases, they can be considered lies. The internet has reduced the personal safety of its users because such people of child predators tend to establish initial contact with children online and lure them into very dangerous situations. Furthermore, verbal attacks and malicious messages can be delivered online with little or no censorship because the internet has no single governing entity. An additional result of there not being an entity to control the internet has been its contribution to the violation of copyright law through the illegal distribution of copyrighted material on the internet by individuals. This denies the creators of such material as movies, music, and books the right to earn royalties from their work and it has instead led to its use without their consent. The past recent years has seen the emergence of multibillion dollar social network companies based on friendships and photos. Social networking has become big business online with such major social networks as Facebook, Twitter, and My Space collecting huge revenues from advertising and the sale of their users’ personal information to other commercial

International Crime Witness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Crime Witness - Assignment Example Notably, as per the fourth amendment of the US, courts orders police not to involve in unnecessary seizure or search of any place or individual without any warrants. Furthermore, as per the Fifth Amendment, an accused cannot be forced by the court of law to make any statements that might act against his well being in future instances. Furthermore, to seek fast trail as per the sixth amendment is also another right of accused in the US that is taken into consideration by the court of law (Missouri Protection and Advocacy Services, n.d.). On the other hand, in the UK, criminal accused are provided with the right of appropriate hearing in the court. Individuals, irrespective of the nature of their accusation must availed proper legal hearing with the assistance of a well experienced solicitor. In the UK, accused will also have the right to see the evidences on the basis of which any decision can be taken against him/her by the court of law (Jacobson & Talbot, 2009). Different legal approaches also exist amid the two nations i.e. the US and the UK with regard to the treatment provided to the defendants. Defendants of suspects in the UK who is accused of a particular crime will need to encounter with several trails by the court of law. They will be liable to get legal assistance from the legal authorities of the nations so that his/her rights of getting a fair trial could be ensured (Talbot, 2012). Similarly, in the US court, criminal defendants are provided with equal opportunities to clarify their point or justify themselves as an innocent. Furthermore, fair access to the legal assistance provided by the government to its citizen, is also practiced in during trial proceedings of criminal defendants in the US. Once crime against a particular accused is justified and proved, he/she will be imprisoned in the US for a particular period of time based upon the

Online Reservation For Car Service Information Technology Essay

Online Reservation For Car Service Information Technology Essay The Project of Online Reservation for Car Service is needed for the country as technology grows fast in the world. The purpose to develop this project is to provide better solution to the problems that the customers faces. This website will provide customers to reserve their car services from their home or from office. For moment, there is non- availability such reservation system in Malaysia. Customer feels hard to send their car for service, either they need to reserve using telephony system or walk in to send their car for service. At the end of these project, a prototype of justified system will develop which will provide a solution for the identify problem to improve the organizations revenue and performance. This system will be web based system where it is able to conduct an overall process of online registration and bookings too. The data will be stored in keep as privacy for each customer who has register. Finally, the proposed system will save time for the customers who have to wait the queue for those who walk in and telephone reservation. Project objective The main objective of this system is to provide customers with a much convenient and better way of booking their car services. It is an online system for car services reservation and users will have to sign up through the registration page so theyll be able to view the various car services provided by the car services centre. This way of reservation is unique in Malaysia as it has been already implemented in other countries. This system is created to manage the reservation processes through online where the previous older ways were done manually. This system would be a productive solution for users and the car services centre. It will also reduce the work process of the admin while the data will be kept securely. Project scope The scope of this online reservation for car services system covers various functions. Firstly, it covers the services information. This is when the users can view the services provided by the specified service centre. Secondly, it covers on identifying the location. Users can view on the location and images of the car services centre. This creates a better trust and understanding of the recognised service centre. Thirdly, the system covers the operating hours of the service centres. This helps the users to familiarise themselves on the operating hours of the particular centre. Fourthly, the system provides a log-in authority. This system provides access to members. This is where user who wants to send their car for services would have to register their details and car details online. Non-members can only view the basic interface of the online system. Fifthly, this system covers the frequently asked questions (FAQ). This will certainly help the users to clarify any doubts that they have regarding the car services. Sixthly, the system covers the report of the online processes. In this system, a report section where only specific authorized person are allowed to generate a report about the processes and data recorded. Seventhly, the system covers on online feedbacks. The registered user may send their feedback to the admin staff online. Finally, in order to achieve the scope of this project, various researches will be conducted through observation, questionnaire, books, journals, Internet and etc. A vast idea will be identified to complete this project to make its process go on swiftly throughout. Project deliverables The proposed system in the project will produce various plus points as being a web-based system. First is the security. This consist user/Admin login accounts, automated user ID for Admin and registered user, and a secured database. Second is a paperless work. This consists of an online record keeping which is web-based and registration can be made online at anytime and anywhere. Third is the reduction of human error. This is when the report will be generated in various forms such as PDF, Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel which will provide a much accurate calculation. Fourth is test cases and actual testing and finally would be the documentation of this project with appropriate implementation of the system and can be made as a use manual too. Target Audience This system is targeted on car owners regardless of age, and occupation. Moreover, administrative staff in the services centre are targeted too because the proposed system will be more useful for them in the sense of reducing paper work and manual way of data keeping. Functionality of the system There are two types of functionality, which is internal functionality and External Functionality. The internal functionality are consists of administrator and the external functionality consists of user toft her system. Administration The proposed functionality of the system is to enhance a better reservation system to increase a better result in terms of accuracy of the cash flow and service management. The online reservation system will provide with Username and Password to enhance a better login security for the administrator. These is to manage the service authentication to check who has been reserved their service day by day. Therefore, the managers are able to get results to be summarized and to close the monthly transaction each every month. The accounts will be kept in a web based server to monitor and to keep track of daily operations to be determined in the future when it is necessary. User The user can register for free to use this reservation system. The login system enable user to update the current profile. Users are able to select their preferred time and date for their services. In conjunction, user able to select the pick-up and delivery service if there are interested and there are few monthly promotion can be selected. At the end of reservation, users are able to check out by selecting the payment methods. The web server will update at the back office and the management will get the updates of the particular reservation. Company Background Michelin BS Services Centre Sdn. Bhd. Source: Google Images On year 1998, Michelin has established its Representative Office while on the year 2002; Michelin Malaysia Sdn Bhd has established its headquarters in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Currently Michelin Malaysia has made its mark in the local tyre industry. Michelin has a professional and ever growing distribution network easily recognized with a standardized store-front signage, and force strategically positioned and located at key market centres. BS Service Centre Sdn Bhd is based on Michelin sponsorship to sponsor those car centre and service centre to develop their business entire Malaysia. These service centres have 2 branches in Kuala Lumpur and another in Petaling Jaya itself. These companies will emerge more sponsorship to give opportunity to those who wants to establish their own car centre. As dated on 17 August 2012, Michelin is globally ranked 1,473,231 and ranked 11,155 in Malaysia (alexa.com). Castrol Golden Tyre Car Centre Source: Google Images Charles Cheers Wakefield established an oil company in England on the 19th March 1899. He produced a new lubricant that reform transport in the first half of the 20th century after ten years later. He named the new oil as Castrol. To this day, the name Castrol is equal to premium quality, high performance and a leading edge technology in motor oils and automotive lubricants. The headquarters for Castrol Industrial Malaysia is located in Kuala Lumpur. This company played a leading role in product technology and provides value added services to improve customers manufacturing process. Today, Castrol sponsorship has grown rapidly due to more car service centre which enables the company to give work opportunity for those are needed. One of the sponsorship companies were known as Golden Tyre Car Centre which is located in Bukit Jalil and they also have another main centre in Kota Kemunig, Shah Alam. As dated on 17 August 2012, Castrol is globally ranked 23,989,089 (alexa.com). Appendix http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/michelin.com.my# Castrol

9-11 :: essays research papers

The likely mastermind of the Sept. 11 attacks is a Kuwaiti-born lieutenant of Osama bin Laden who had previously plotted to attack the World Trade Center and to bomb several airliners simultaneously, a top U.S. counterterrorism official says. Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, one of the FBI's most-wanted terrorists, is at large in Afghanistan or nearby, the law enforcement official told The Associated Press on Tuesday. U.S. investigators believe Mohammed, working under bin Laden's leadership, planned many aspects of the Sept. 11 attacks. ``There's lots of links that tie him to 9-11,'' the official said, speaking on condition of anonymity. ``He was intricately involved.'' Mohammed is accused of working with Ramzi Yousef in the first bombing of the World Trade Center, which left six dead in 1993. He and Yousef also were accused of plotting in 1995 to bomb several trans-Pacific airliners heading for the United States. Yousef, now serving a life sentence in the United States after being convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, also is believed to have planned to crash a plane into CIA headquarters. Mohammed was charged by federal prosecutors in New York in 1996 in connection with the alleged 1995 plot. The State Department is offering a reward of up to $25 million for information leading to his capture. Other bin Laden lieutenants are also believed to have helped put together the Sept. 11 attacks, the official said. But evidence is mounting that Mohammed was at the center of the operational planning. A second U.S. official, also speaking on condition of anonymity, acknowledged that Mohammed played a critical role in planning the attacks but said questions remain about the extent of his leadership. The official said other bin Laden lieutenants, including Abu Zubaydah, now in U.S. custody, are also believed to have played top organizational roles. Mohammed, 36, is one of the highest-ranking al-Qaida leaders still at large, officials said, and continues to plan attacks against U.S. interests. Although he was born in Kuwait, officials there say he is a Pakistani national and note that people born in Kuwait do not automatically qualify for citizenship. According to the counterterrorism official, within three months of Sept. 11, the FBI learned that Mohammed had performed some financial transactions to fund the attacks; since then the United States has gathered other significant evidence pointing to him as the key planner. The official declined to go into detail, citing a need to protect intelligence information.

Malawi Less Developed Countries Essay

Malawi is one of the world’s poorest countries, ranking 160th out of 182 countries on the Human Development Index. Progress towards reaching the Millennium Development Goal of eradicating extreme poverty has been limited. According to the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report for 2009, about 74 per cent of the population still lives below the income poverty line of US$1.25 a day and 90 per cent below the US$2 a day threshold. The proportion of poor and ultra-poor is highest in rural areas of the southern and northern parts of the country. Country indicators GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990-2012 1.2 Underweight (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 12.8 Secondary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male 9.7 Secondary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 10.4 GNI per capita 2012, US$ 320 Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) 74.77 Infant mortality rate 71 HDI( human development index) 0.388 All these indicators show Malawi is a LDC according to the UN criteria for the identification of an LDC. Reason for the low levels of development in Malawi Despite the availability of better technologies, the productivity of most crops has not improved since the 1970s, largely as a result of declining soil fertility. Also contributing to the low yields are poor access to financial services and markets, unfavourable weather, small landholdings and  nutrient-depleted soils, coupled with limited use of fertilizers. The use of improved varieties, together with fertilizers, better crop husbandry and irrigation, has the potential to greatly improve yields. Post-harvest losses are estimated to be around 40 per cent of production. The recurrence of shocks frustrates attempts to escape rural poverty. The most common shocks are weather-related, such as crop failures and increases in the price of food. Illness or injury is also very common, as are shocks associated with death of family members, heightened by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which has affected 11.9 per cent of the population. Shocks often force households to sell assets, thereby undermining their ability to engage in productive activities. As a result, poor households have to adopt costly coping strategies such as selling assets, withdrawing children from school and reducing food consumption. Poor rural people in Malawi are unable to diversify out of agriculture and tend to remain underemployed for part of the year. More than a third of rural households earn their livelihood only from farming or fishing. An additional 25 per cent combine work on their farm with other jobs, largely in agriculture. Other income sources tend to be limited to poorly paid agricultural labour. Few economic opportunities combined with the marked seasonality of rainfed agriculture leads to labour shortages during the critical phases of the cropping season, with underemployment for the rest of the year. Access to education, a major driver of relative wealth, is highly inequitable as well. Almost 30 per cent of poor children do not even start primary school, which is free in Malawi. Secondary and higher education is largely confined to non-poor households, mainly due to the required enrolment fees. Limited access to markets and services is another constraint. Poor rural people tend to live in remote areas with few roads and means of transport, which limits their economic opportunities. Access to financial services is severely restricted, especially for smallholder farmers. Only 12 per cent of households have access to credit. What is being done to tackle Malawi’s problems? In May 2002, the Government launched the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy (MPRS), with the goal of achieving â€Å"sustainable poverty reduction through empowerment of the poor† over a three-year period. The MPRS achieved a modest decline in poverty levels while real gross domestic product (GDP)  growth averaged only 1.5 per cent per annum. In 2005, the MPRS was reformulated as the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS), which remains the overarching policy framework for social and economic development. Under the MGDS, real GDP growth for 2006-09 averaged 8.4 per cent and is expected to continue to be strong, helped by increased revenue from mining. While growth was somewhat lower during 2009-10, it seems that Malawi will weather the global financial crisis. The fiscal deficit has been brought down, and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative has greatly reduced the burden of debt service. Notwithstanding good recent performance, the a bility to maintain a level of economic growth to ensure poverty reduction remains limited by: ï‚ §the narrow economic base; ï‚ §the small domestic market; ï‚ §poor infrastructure/high transport costs; ï‚ §erratic power supply and heavy reliance on energy imports; ï‚ §the presence of the State in the business sector; ï‚ §Government intervention in key markets; ï‚ §and weak management capacity in the public and private sectors. Agriculture provides over 80 per cent of exports and contributes some 34 per cent to GDP; services make up 46 per cent of GDP and industry 20 per cent. The performance of agriculture is therefore critical for the economy. Average growth in the sector is highly dependent on climatic factors, and reached nearly 7 per cent during the 1990s and 9 per cent between 2002 and 2006, with a drop to -9 per cent in the 2005 drought. Growth has subsequently recovered with improved seasonal conditions, boosted by the Farm Input Subsidy Programme. The Farm Input Subsidy Programme was launched in 2005-06 to increase agricultural production and ensure food security, by providing government-subsidized agricultural inputs to smallholding farmers. The scheme has coincided with a significant jump in maize production, although it is unclear how much of this is attributable to the subsidy and how much to improved seasonal conditions. The subsidy programme is now a firmly established pillar of agricultural policy. However, it presents a number of policy dilemmas: †¢the cost of the programme is so high that most  other initiatives have to be sidelined, including the extension and research services needed to ensure optimal use of the inputs; †¢the programme has tended to displace commercial input purchases by farmers; and the distribution of inputs has tended to favour the more food-secure households.

Essay on Anthropocentrism

Environmental Ethics I believe that the most critical ecological issue today is population growth and the anthropocentric self-interest centered life-style that human beings engage in. The combination of these two human qualities is detrimental to the environment. The first reason I think this is because when we uphold anthropocentric ideals, we toss the environment to the curve, and as a result all of creation suffers. Second, I believe that when we live for exclusively our own self-interest, we only speed up the process of ecological destruction.If we shared our â€Å"stuff† and food with each other and the rest of the world, we could significantly reduce our impact. Third, I believe that even if we are ethical and environmentally conscious as individuals, it will not be enough. If one is sold on ecological salvation but still clings to individual self-interest, then they won’t have the ability to create serious and measurable change. The example of one farmer out of several deciding not to dump waste in a close by water reserve rings true to this idea.Community interaction and a removal of our attachment to our own private benefits is essential in working towards a better cleaner earth. As a result of anthropocentric justification dominating our society, exclusive selfishness and self-interest driven life styles, and our inability to truly make a positive impact as individuals, I believe that population growth seamed with selfish anthropocentric living are truly the most critical ecological issues we face today.

The Ecological Disaster of the Aral Sea essays

The Ecological Disaster of the Aral Sea essays As a result of throwing pesticides into the sea, the great catastrophe in the area of the Aral Sea, strongly affected its residents. It is no exaggeration to say that the case of the Aral Sea is one of the greatest environmental catastrophes ever recorded. Unbelievably, the Aral Sea once was one of the biggest in-land seas on earth. Nowadays, however, as it has been covered by loads of pesticides, is now decreasing in area and volume. The shrinkage of the water actually has something to do with the former empire of Russia when Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan once belonged to the Soviet Union. However, the pesticides did not just shrink the water; it affected the human-beings health problems as well. The environment of the country is becoming worse and worse-there is not enough water and living things are dying. A catastrophe is just like this-one disaster leading to another and almost unable to stop. Even though the Aral Sea has received a lot of attention from other parts of the world in the past decade, unfortunately, however, there is not really a way to solve this problem-its rather hard to clean up all the messes and catastrophes that the pesticides had brought to the people. The Aral Sea is located in the lowlands of Turan occupying land in the Republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. From ancient times it was known as an oasis. Traders, hunters, fishers, and merchants populated this fertile site littered with lagoons and shallow straits that characterized the Aral landscape. The word Aral in Kazakh is translated island, over a thousand of which were scattered throughout this region that made up part of the Silk Road, the highway between Europe and Asia. Once the fourth largest inland body of water in the world, in the past few years the Aral Sea has gained global attention as one of the greatest man-made natural disasters in the world. Now it is the eighth largest inland body of water on account o...

Writing a Good Human Resources Term Paper Based on the Complete Guide

Writing a Good Human Resources Term Paper Based on the Complete Guide It is the end of each term, and this means you are supposed to write the most important academic paper a term paper. You may say, â€Å"All my assignments are important† As a matter of fact, a term paper is considered to be the final paper with the aim to demonstrate the knowledge that a student gets during the term period. The significance of term paper writing, or in other words the way a term paper accounts for the major part of your grade, is the core difference between a term paper and other types of academic papers. For instance, a term paper can be written as a critical essay or any other types of essays as well as in the form of a research paper. Let’s find out what you are required in a human resources term paper in detail. This human resources term paper guide is to simplify the whole process of creating a good term paper for you. Just follow all the human resources term paper writing tips mentioned here. 3 Basic Principles of Term Paper Writing The main features associated with a term paper are divided into 3 basic requirements: The demonstration of knowledge regarding the specific subject; The choice of a research-worthy topic; The adherence to the main paper requirements in relation to researching, writing, and formatting. The extent of the student’s knowledge and the cogent argumentation are the key characteristics valued in the final term paper. With that in mind, the two requirements which you should focus on while writing your term paper are the demonstration of the knowledge in regards to the topic you choose and the presentation of substantial arguments in a logical way. Though you may already be aware of the core differences between a term paper and other academic papers, it would be useful to repeat this information. First of all, term paper accounts for the substantial part of your grade. Secondly, a term paper requires thoughtful knowledge of the topic you are going to write about. Thirdly, writing a term paper requires knowledge of not only what you are going to write about, but also how you are going to write about the topic of your choice. Thus, the following tips could become useful for the upcoming work: they will make your process of writing easy and let you deliver a high-quality term paper on human resources. 7 Preparatory Steps for Best Human Resources Term Paper Writing Let’s look at a plan that encompasses the initial steps of writing your term paper. Usually, the basic plan for writing any term paper includes the following points: Searching for an interesting topic. Usually, the most successful topics for your term paper are controversial ones that suppose the presentation of opposite views and the argumentation in regards to the advantages and disadvantages which each of the approaches implies. Certainly, do not forget that you need to support one of the approaches which you most believe in. Thinking of a persuasive thesis statement. A thesis statement is an assumption you are going to defend or a statement which you have to persuade your reader in. Be specific here (further, you will find useful tips on writing an efficient thesis statement). Conduct broad research on your topic. Find academic sources as presenting credible information is extremely important to gain trust from your professor and prove that your argumentation is substantial. Creating a detailed outline which will organize the flow of your thoughts. This way, you will not get lost in your ideas and will not confuse your professor. Indeed, the professor will appreciate the well-organized manner in which you present your research ideas. Creating a list of sources to avoid academic dishonesty. Plagiarism is the main enemy of a student and the most popular type of academic dishonesty. Checking your grammar. Using the anti-plagiarism software and a grammar checker is especially important for making your paper perfect as grammar mistakes mar you entire work regardless the efficient argumentation. Reading your paper one more time to find the mistakes which the grammar checker failed to detect. It is advisable to check your term paper for mistakes one more time as usually grammar checkers miss some mistakes. At the same time, try to check the structure of the sentences and the logical representation of your ideas. The Search for a Topic That Brings Success to Your Writing So the first step to start dealing with a term paper on human resources is seeking for an interesting topic. If the professor gives you a list of topics, then this task is already accomplished. Here, you just have to think about the topic you like to write about most. However, if your professor asked the students to search topic by themselves, your task becomes more difficult to be accomplished. Nevertheless, this specification expands your range of topics and increases your chances to write about a problem which you would like to explore most of all. Think about why once you decide to devote your life to human resources management and what inspires you about this discipline. Then think about what you would like to change in your future field of work. For instance, you believe that some issues are obvious, but no one notices them. In this case, feel free to present your ideas and be sure of the uniqueness of your paper. However, if you believe that you cannot choose a topic due to the overwhelming variety of the latter, then take one of the topics suggested below. Indeed, the human resources management presents a lot of issues you may write about, whether writing about diversity (which is the most popular topic to discuss), wages or benefit programs, performance evaluation, labor laws, etc. Just remember that after taking a topic, it could be modified and expanded the range of issues which you would like to explore in your term paper. So, here is the list of 5 possible topics: Encouraging Diversity in the Workplace and the Benefits Associated with It; Wages and Labor Laws: How Alterations Contribute to the Improvement of the Working Process; Employee Motivation and Performance Evaluation: The Need for New Programmes which Influence the Company’s Wellbeing; Bullying, Harassment, and Other Ethical Issues: the Suggestions for Reaching Friendly Surroundings; Health and Job Performance. Certainly, you may alter the topics according to your own preferences. For instance, you may find it difficult simultaneously exploring the issues associated with employee motivation and performance evaluation. With that in mind, you would probably like to focus only on the exploration of the employees’ motivation and offer some programmes which increase it. Moreover, you may create your own programme, which, of course, will make your paper innovative. Remember that the professor will highly appreciate if you present your own ideas in a term paper. Writing a Persuasive Thesis Statement for Your Term Papers After you choose a topic, write your thesis statement. The latter will be aimed at presenting the core notions you are going to defend in a paper. For instance, if you have chosen â€Å"Encouraging Diversity in the Workplace and the Benefits Associated with It,† then your thesis statement can sound as following: â€Å"Promoting diversity in the workplace is important nowadays for any organization which aims to become successful as diversity encourages employees of all backgrounds to feel confident about their work, increases their productivity and generally allows the company build a virtuous reputation.† Be specific in your notion as the latter should include the arguments for your position. Certainly, only admitting â€Å"Promoting diversity in the workplace is important† cannot be considered a persuasive thesis statement. Research on the Topic Extensively Searching for the information which you are going to apply for your arguments is one of the most important steps in your preparations for writing your term paper. Basically, your course materials are already the sources which you can use. However, writing a term paper usually means using additional sources. The best database to use is JSTOR where all sources are credible. You may also go to the university library and find some information. Though going to the library may take more time than the process of searching on the Internet. However, the library is a favorable place for learning and writing a term paper where no social networks can distract you. In this step, you may also make a quick list of sources. So while writing, you will always be able to add information from the sources. Outline a Term Paper Roughly If you do not like writing outlines, you may skip this step. However, it would be easier for you to stay focused on the ideas and not lose your track of mind. Without writing an outline, you may later wonder how it happens that you start writing about the points that do not reveal your topic at all. A common outline contains the following parts which perfectly resemble the structure of an essay: Introduction, Body parts, Conclusion. Of course, you may change the structure and add other parts if your paper instructions require it. The main purpose of this example is to demonstrate to you how outlines actually work. An introductory paragraph usually contains some basic information by which you aim to â€Å"educate† your reader. The primary purpose of an introductory paragraph is to present the background of the issue, establish the mission and arguments of the paper along with the task to show its relevance. Also, you should introduce the writing style that determines the whole presentation of the following idea. Moreover, as this paragraph is the first one for the potential reader, it is essential to make it intriguing and appealing. Further, your introduction slowly turns to the thesis statement which is usually your last sentence in the introductory paragraph. The body of the paper goes right after the introductory paragraph. The body usually contains some sections which are thematically divided and focus on the exploration of each side of your thesis statement. For instance, if the topic of your paper is â€Å"Encouraging Diversity in the Workplace and the Benefits Associated with It,† the names for the sections of your paper may be as following: Section 1: The Benefits of Diversity in the Workplace, Section 2: Traditional Diversity Approaches, Section 3: Suggestions on the Implementation of Programs Associated with Diversity. In the body of the paper, you should analyze the information found in the sources as well as present your ideas. Generally, this part aims at providing all arguments in order to prove your thesis statement. The last part of your paper, as well as an outline, is a conclusion. Here, you should write down the results which you come to in your research. Remember that adding new information to this part is inappropriate as conclusions are actually the part where you mention the statements which the reader gets familiarized with. Meanwhile, your conclusions should respond to the thesis statement and prove that you have defended the notion presented there. A List of Sources Used in Your Term Paper on Human Resources Creating an alphabetized list of sources is important as this concluding part evidences academic integrity. By the list of sources and proper in-text citation, you show respect to the authors of the sources which you have taken information from. You should perfectly know the rules of citing to prepare this section. Here, the guides for citing are advisable for you, for instance, a book They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing by Cathy Birkenstein. Checking a Paper for the Main Issues Grammar and Plagiarism Congratulations! Your paper is ready, but there are still two more steps to make it perfect. It is known that sometimes students unintentionally plagiarize. Anyway, the latter damages their reputation and does not serve as an evidence for actual unintentional plagiarism. With that in mind, try to use an additional anti-plagiarism software which can effectively detect plagiarism, for instance, PlagTracker, PlagScan or Turnitin. The last step is rereading. No matter how many plagiarism and grammar checkers you can use, there are always some mistakes left in the paper. So check, check, check your human resources term paper to make it look better. We are sure you’ll manage to fulfill the main paper requirements to the maximum. Besides our hopes, move closer to term paper writing with the help of simple but steady steps suggested by our team.

Conduit Metaphor - Definition and Examples

Conduit Metaphor s A conduit metaphor is a type of conceptual metaphor (or figurative comparison) commonly used in English to talk about the process of communication. The concept of the conduit metaphor was originally explored by Michael Ready in his 1979 article The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language About Language (see below). Reddy estimated that the conduit metaphor functions in roughly 70% of the expressions used to talk about ​language. The Framework of the Conduit Metaphor Typical solutions to the unskilled speakers communication problems are illustrated by (4) through (8). (4) Whenever you have a good idea practice capturing it in words(5) You have to put each concept into words very carefully(6) Try to pack more thoughts into fewer words(7) Insert those ideas elsewhere in the paragraph(8) Dont force your meanings into the wrong words. Naturally, if language transfers thought to others, then the logical container, or conveyer, for this thought is words, or word-groupings like phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and so on. . . .[F]our categories . . . constitute the major framework of the conduit metaphor. The core expressions in these categories imply, respectively, that: (1) language functions like a conduit, transferring thoughts bodily from one person to another; (2) in writing and speaking, people insert their thoughts or feelings in the words; (3) words accomplish the transfer by containing the thoughts or feelings and conveying them to others; and ( 4) in listening or reading, people extract the thoughts and feelings once again from the words.(Michael J. Reddy, The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language About Language. Metaphor and Thought, ed. by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge University Press, 1979) The Conduit Metaphor and Communication [Michael] Reddy points out that the Conduit Metaphor is not a specific expression; rather, it names the metaphoric assumptions that enable a range of common expressions such as getting the message across, putting thoughts into words, and getting a lot out of a text. . . .Although the Conduit Metaphor may fail to describe all that transpires in typical writing situations, it does not impose an erroneously reductive structure upon complex activity but rather grows out of a complex of embodied activity, situated experience, and rhetorical human relationships. It is a rhetorical metaphor that, in certain instances, asserts a description of communication or an ethical standard. Without it, for example, we would have little basis for ethical objections to lying, concealment, failure to warn, failure to be responsible, and so on. It is crucial that we recognize, however, that when the Conduit Metaphor is treated as credible, it is combined with other concepts whose implications support its credibility. Most saliently, it combines with Language Is Power, a concept that has both evident ontological and ethical ramifications.(Philip Eubanks, Metaphor and Writing: Figurative Thought in the Discourse of Written Communication. Cambridge University Press, 2011) Lakoff on the Grammar of Conduit Metaphors Now consider: That idea just came to me out of the blue. . . . The general conceptual metaphor involved here is the CONDUIT metaphor, according to which ideas are objects that can be sent and received. Out of the blue is a metaphorical source phrase, and That idea is not just the Content of the cognitive experience, but is also the metaphorical Theme that moves to me. The grammar of the sentence is a reflection of the metaphor. That is, it has the grammar of a literal Theme-Goal-Source sentence, like the literal The dog came to me out of the kennel. To put it another way, the sentence has source domain syntax. . . .Now let us turn to a case where an Experiencer is a metaphysical Patient and has the syntax of a Patient: The idea struck me out of the blue. Again, we have the CONDUIT metaphor, with an idea that is conceptualized as an object that comes from a source out of the blue to me, not just reaching me as a goal but striking me. Thus, me is not merely a Goal, but moreover, a Pati ent that is affected by being struck. The verb struck is from the source domain, as is the syntax, in which me is direct object, which is the natural grammatical relation for a Patient to have.(George Lakoff, Reflections on Metaphor and Grammar. Essays in Semantics and Pragmatics: In Honor of Charles J. Fillmore, ed. by Masayoshi Shibatani and Sandra A. Thompson. John Benjamins, 1995) Challenging the Conduit Metaphor In Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 10-12 et passim) describe what they call the CONDUIT metaphor as a cross-domain mapping consisting of the following main correspondences: IDEAS (OR MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTSLINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERSCOMMUNICATION IS SENDING(Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 10) This formulation of the CONDUIT metaphor has since become the most widely accepted account of the dominant way in which speakers of English talk and think about communication (e.g. Taylor 2002: 490 and KÃ ¶vecses 2002: 73-74). More recently, however, [Joseph] Grady (1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999) has questioned the validity of the CONDUIT metaphor alongside that of many other well-established formulations of conceptual metaphors, for the following reasons: first, it lacks a clear experiential basis; second, it does not explain why some prominent elements of the source domain are not conventionally mapped onto the target (e.g. the notion of opening or sealing packages is not conventi onally projected from the domain of the transfer of objects to the domain of communication); and third, it does not account for why many expressions that have been associated with the CONDUIT metaphor are in fact conventionally used in relation to other domains of experience as well (e.g. The detective couldnt get much information out of the partial shoeprint (Grady 1998: 209, italics in original)).(Elana Semino, A Corpus-Based Study of Metaphors for Speech Activity in British English. Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy, ed. by Anatol Stefanowitsch and Stefan Th. Gries. Mouton de Gruyter, 2006) Alternate Spellings: Conduit Metaphor See Examples and Observations below. Also see: MetalanguageCommunication ProcessMetaphorThirteen Ways of Looking at a MetaphorWriting Process

Discussion Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Discussion Question - Essay Example Due to globalization and economic changes, Chine has embraced new trade tact such as CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). However, on the ethical front, China scores poorly in terms of corruption and human rights index. Many people in the country feel that corruption is one the increase and this might affect organisational policies. Since kick backs or bribes might be solicited in the process of undertaking business. Most of the people involved in corruption are the business sector followed closely by government officials and politicians. China’s position in the global trade has led to improved relations and human rights record (Isik-Vanelli, 2009). However, since their culture is quite protective it will be difficult to the country to open up to the Western world and culture. The above social and ethical issues will be difficult to change in Chine since changing the Chinese culture is quite

The lack of cultural awareness in the average American Soldier served Essay

The lack of cultural awareness in the average American Soldier served as a detriment during the early phases of the Iraqi War - Essay Example Firstly, culture is not a static entity. Rather, it`s a dynamic and an ever changing concept. Since people are the driving force behind a culture, it keeps evolving and changing according to the change in circumstances. Secondly, culture is not inherited, i.e. it can`t be transferred via genes to the next generation. In fact, it is transmitted through socialization from one generation to another. Culture can also be multi-faceted, which implies that one person might be exposed to various cultures at the same time, which incarnates values and beliefs in an individual which are a blend of various other cultures. Fourthly, there are various means of transmitting a culture, including our family, friends, school, religion, media and any other modes of communication we experience. Thus, acquiring a culture is a continuous process which goes on through our entire lives. Lastly, culture is expressed though various means, which is reflected in the way our beliefs are carved, the way we dress up, talk, eat, our work habits etc (Colbert). Thus, culture is a very important entity which leaves an impact on almost all aspects of the lives of an individual, who is a member of a community or a nation. Since shared cultures and meanings are an important part of an individual`s identity socialized via various modes, it is important to understand the culture of a region to understand the dynamics of that area. For this reason, the lack of cultural awareness in American soldiers acted as a detriment during the Iraqi war. To analyze the situation closely, it is important to study the geography and the history of the military conflict in detail, the weather analysis of the region, and the ASCOPE (areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people and events) of the region of interest. To understand the culture, however, it is important to

Settling a Lawsuit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Settling a Lawsuit - Coursework Example The perception will give me significant power to influence the negotiation process (Carrell & Heavrin, 2008). However, it will be unethical for me to give false information and withhold technical information from the 30 people who have no legal background (Olekalns & Adair, 2013). Nevertheless, withholding such information from their representative would be ethical since the representative can anticipate this move. I would determine whether the negotiation depicts substantive fairness by analyzing the equitable distribution of value during the negotiations (Carrell & Heavrin, 2008). The negotiation should result in a fair arrangement to distribute the amount of money to be distributed to all parties. Moreover, the negotiation process should derive mutual settlement that includes the concessions and interests of all parties. All negotiation parties should cooperate in reaching a middle settlement that depicts concessions of the negotiating parties (Olekalns & Adair, 2013). I would determine whether the negotiation depicts substantive fairness by analyzing whether the negotiation outcome is a win-win situation for all negotiation parties. Ideally, the negotiation would achieve substantive fairness if it results to impartial, proportional, and reciprocating negotiation

Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Medicine - Essay Example The practice of medicine has been shaped through the years by advancement and refinement of existing techniques of that era. As per N.D Jewson the concept of sick man was found to disappear from medical cosmology in two related sense of period ,1770 to 1870. Medical cosmology is basically meta physical and attempts to circumscribe and define the universal nature of medical disease ( Althruser and Bailbar, 1970 ). Three distinct period in history of medicine are associated with three different places and three different thoughts of diagnosis. From middle age- 18th century BED SIDE Medicine ( BM ) was widely prevalent, then by 1794 to 1848 came the era of HOSPTIAL MEDICINE ( HM ). And from the time forward it was Laboratory Medicine ( LM ) that ruled the medical world. The Laboratories contribution to the medicine has been recently recognized by the historians as something more than addition of knowledge, but as an seat of medicine which helps clinicians to account what they observe in patient. The first medical diagnosis made by human race was based on observations made with eyes and ears by ancient physicians. The Greek attribute all diverse reactions and diseases to bodily fluid called humor. Ancient Egypt's and Mesopotamian clinicians made diagnosis and treatment based primarily on observation of clinical symptoms as palpitations, acultation, etc. Other less scientific diagnosis that was widely prevalent in that time was spiritual sacrifice of animal and examination of those animals organs, being correlating to the patient's stage. Aptly described as the father of medicine ,Hippocrates in 300 BC attributed all diseases to body fluids. Later Gallen ( AD 131 to 101 ) who is called as the founder of experimental physiology combines Hippocrates and Pythogras theorem, holding four elements earth, fire, water and air contributing to four elements blood, bile, phlegm and black bile. In the middle age, in Europe early Christians considered diseases sin or punishment and diagnosis were based on symptoms, pulse, excreta ( especially urine). The concept of uroscopy was introduced and testing of urine for all diseases was made mandatory. The 17th century saw the descriptive work of medicine, as the medical journals started evolving and there was more ground work done for diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Many inventions as blood circulation, microscope, uroscopy, gravimeter analysis, experiments on blood transfusion, and attempt to use pulse rate and temperature as health indicator were followed. 18th century was considered to be the golden age of medicine as text book of medicines and laboratory medicines evolved. Blood pressure measurement and heart beat measurement and coagulation concepts were established in this century. The 19th century saw the growth of sophistication in technology in labs, transformation of society, introduction of the concept of bacteriolo gy, stethoscope, opthalmoscope, layrngoscope, x-ray, microscope, etc.( Starr, 1982). The three concepts in medicine At the beginning of medical cosmology, Bedside Medicine was widely predominant, mainly in the last 3rd of 18th century. The ideology was centered around University of Edinburg and in certain parts of England (Jewson, 1974). The BM treats patients as the patrons and physicians as

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE - Essay Example He also threatened to injure maim her. The historical and the current standing posed beyond doubt that Marcia’s life was in great jeopardy and she needed redemption. The case also fulfills the requirement that the aggressor is not the defendant. The deceased aggressed the defendant’s myriad times thus attributing to the retaliation by his wife, Marcia. The obligation of applying just sufficient force in the defense as required by the law was not achievable because the husband threats were recurrent and he would justice only she shut her up for good. Marcia Norman option to end the life of her husband was pegged on her mission to save her life-perfect self-defense, and therefore was legally right. The eminent past and continuous history of mal-abuse by her husband would not allow limited room for her right of freedom from harm (Leverick, 2009). The courts would factually consider immense psychological distress and trauma that Marcia had undergone. According to a witness from the case, after she was asked whether she thought it was correct for Marcia to shoot her husband, she admits that from the examination and the assessment of her records and psychological files, it was exclusively fine for her to do so. She adds that Norman Marcia assumed herself doomed from the torture she endured from her husband. She had a perception of persecution ahead due to the immense social degradation and demeaning that her husband accorded her, and recognized that her death was probably not avoidable in future. The witness also notes the fact that Ms Marcia had attempted suicide before and there was a conviction that she would not succeed in her struggle against her unwavering husband. The witness notes that she believed that the defendant had grown insecure to an extent that he could not have any sense of attachment to her family. She could not run away from the deceased due to his immense power and

Assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Assignment 4 - Essay Example The alternative remedies or solutions must be solicited from the present employees of the company; and each suggestion/opinion must be fully considered in terms of its advantages and disadvantages for the financial upkeep of Sunbelt Video. If an alternate plan, aside from cutting hours and laying-off has been considered – then a significant period of time must be given to make the aforementioned alternate plan work. It is vital in any company operation for employees to actively partake in decision-makings with regards to the longevity of the company. After all, it is their bread and butter on the line. Relatively speaking, persons in authority must discern that leadership is mainly creating a goal and paving the way for others to follow. However, this means that those following the pre-set objective do not have any idea on how to accomplish the goal. Thus, it would be quite difficult for others to carry on where somebody has left off should any difficulties arise during the course of achieving the objective (Team Technology, n.d.). On the other hand, management that lacks leadership usually just handle things according to set principles and traditions, making sure that everything should conform within a pre-set guideline (Team Technology, n.d.) hence innovations are often dismissed and are rarely considered. professional manner where she must have a one-on-one conversation with him. During the course of the exchange, Bob must be made to understand the financial plight of the company and must be told that if he has any kind of grievances to air regarding management’s decision or otherwise, then he must approach the proper authority and discuss them accordingly. In true to life situations or circumstances, it is essential to consider all the factors so that the risk which will be undertaken or any unforeseeable risk as a result or consequence of a decision or action is minimized. In addition, real situations must be analyzed

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE - Essay Example He also threatened to injure maim her. The historical and the current standing posed beyond doubt that Marcia’s life was in great jeopardy and she needed redemption. The case also fulfills the requirement that the aggressor is not the defendant. The deceased aggressed the defendant’s myriad times thus attributing to the retaliation by his wife, Marcia. The obligation of applying just sufficient force in the defense as required by the law was not achievable because the husband threats were recurrent and he would justice only she shut her up for good. Marcia Norman option to end the life of her husband was pegged on her mission to save her life-perfect self-defense, and therefore was legally right. The eminent past and continuous history of mal-abuse by her husband would not allow limited room for her right of freedom from harm (Leverick, 2009). The courts would factually consider immense psychological distress and trauma that Marcia had undergone. According to a witness from the case, after she was asked whether she thought it was correct for Marcia to shoot her husband, she admits that from the examination and the assessment of her records and psychological files, it was exclusively fine for her to do so. She adds that Norman Marcia assumed herself doomed from the torture she endured from her husband. She had a perception of persecution ahead due to the immense social degradation and demeaning that her husband accorded her, and recognized that her death was probably not avoidable in future. The witness also notes the fact that Ms Marcia had attempted suicide before and there was a conviction that she would not succeed in her struggle against her unwavering husband. The witness notes that she believed that the defendant had grown insecure to an extent that he could not have any sense of attachment to her family. She could not run away from the deceased due to his immense power and

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay Basically, Nigeria is a plural society and heterogeneous in virtually all the facet of life. The custom and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is now confronted with the problem of religion and ethnicity towards their political stability. The origin and history of ethnic conflict (societal wars and violence) can be traced from eternal (internal) state rivalry to external (physical). And its root cause is not very far from power competition and decision making over economic resources and other important human factor, like position. The implementation process has always involved more than one or two persons. In general concept, the author of this work traces conflict back to the first and early Patriarchal of human history and ever since then, there has been an increase (in various dimensions) of Conflict in the face of human world. Some are personal (internal) conflict, family, community, and group, intellectual, state, national and international in nature, to mention but few. In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his statement titled â€Å"World Apart† stated thus, â€Å"indeed the greatest discord today is among the descendants of Abraham. These are the people of the book, the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in fact shared a common beginning in the religion of Abraham†. In shedding more light in the above statement, Badawi statement goes far beyond religion, rather, he was tracing one of the earliest source of conflict which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the said Abraham. Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic period, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and Kings. In about 88 B. C. , King Mithriadates VI of Pontus invaded Roman territory in Asian Minor. He advised Asian debtors to kill their Roman creditors. Happy to reduce their credit card bills, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno-political conflicts have greatly shaped our present world and of course have its structural phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort. The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, Alexander the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolf’s. Hitler, the Roman wars, narrowing all these down, we came to the horn of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds till date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is said to have stated very old in human history, even so in the case of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. Conflict takes different sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes. Majority of the conflicts takes time before their escalation and at such, could have been transformed right at their respective early stages. The history of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is also traced back to the colonial transgressions that forced the ethnic groups of the northern and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the case of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict planted by the British has been a complex one. After weakening the former diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups’ politics, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the peoples basic needs. Hence, unemployment, poverty increase, and due to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Southern and Northern protectorates were also being amalgamated into a nation. Thereafter, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully done without the peoples consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is still troubling Nigeria today. This article is focused on the historical incidents of ethnic conflicts in within Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper will explore into decision-making (by the elites and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian political situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, even when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads instead. Conflict in Nigeria is so intense because of lack of democratic behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads are broken in the Nigerian political community, the issue in respect of broken heads is citizenship. If conflict in Nigeria means the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic governance. Gurr (2000): has also shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global level declined in recent years with the deepening of democratisation. Nation-states where conflicts persist are those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowerment (Ake 1996). Beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressive and unpopular. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of alienation and pauperisation have been short changed and given a ‘choice less democracy’ (Mkandawire 1999). The ‘credibility gap’ which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and ignited social forces to struggle for democracy, is not being bridged (Rothchild 1995: 58). African peoples out of clear rational calculations sans atavistic attachments have turned their backs on the state ‘and given their loyalty to sub-national social formations such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups’ (Ake 2000: 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and exacerbation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The interface between ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies. In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multiparty elections to include improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state are vulnerable and likely to be mobilised around counter-elites who exploit extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarian sentiments. This has been the case in Nigeria and several multi-ethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994). Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because some of the recent violent conflicts to be examined were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religion is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries tend to coincide with religion, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was amalgamated in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The various geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns even there were kingdoms and chiefdoms with diverse culture, language, religion, norms values, customs and political structures etc. The focus of the research monogram is to examine the role of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria nascent democracy. In Nigeria especially, religion plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manifested itself as a potent force in the political development of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked about without reference to religion (Kukah, 1994; Falola, 1990; Kenny, 2006; International IDEA, 2000; Suberu, 2009). However, religion in Nigeria, at different levels, is mostly mentioned in negative terms. Or rather, historical events linked to religion tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civil war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions provoked by the Nigerian accession to the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part mainly indicate that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian political development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria. They have been documented as academic dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored further. Thus â€Å"Boko Haram† menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 till date is a the central focus of this study together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite believed that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes. The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have concluded that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political system which almost lead to secession of the country with the easterner believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war. Similarly Nigeria has a long history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria. The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming about 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a lot both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its roots in Religion. The thrust of this work will be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria using religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will cover the impacts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political system it will cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. Furthermore the study will emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilizing the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1. To know the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop possible solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria political system 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY Many a developing countries of the world are currently experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and religion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national youth service corp. by the then military president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at integrating back the almost disintegrated country. Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and lot of researches have been written and carried out respectively on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional material to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its impact on Nigerian politics 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on secondary data collections ranging from books, Journals Newspapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet. In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as earlier mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity: According to the oxford advance learners dictionary ethnicity can simply mean â€Å"the fact of belonging to a particular race† from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. highly ethnocentric in nature. Ethnicity has a strategic interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitude’s, values and goals as they decide particular conflict the distribution of resource’s and general issues of political rules within a context of norms, expectations and institutions. Any of the rule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control them, in the course of those political negotiations that are sometimes called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two. In another sense, ethnic identity are political resources just like money or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, argue that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also argue that ethnic identity are an important resource that political Elite employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a desired good. These goods and or goals are â€Å"measured in terms of wealth, power, and status and†¦ joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion: religion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the existence of God or gods and the activity that are connected in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the system of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. For example the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their politics for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine accepted Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain. Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity and Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have elevated to prominence that other religion are now beneath them. For instance about Political stability: can depict the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworld’s a legitimately accepted government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable. In the global sense every political entity must be ruled democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule: These covers a larger set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a myth of common ancestry or common origin. But it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, and are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the category â€Å"Yoruba† when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were classified as Yoruba were not themselves classified as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes. According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category â€Å"Backward Caste† in India, which included as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occupations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990. Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was classified as backward. Yet the parents of those who termed themselves â€Å"Backward Caste† were not coded by themselves or by others as â€Å"Backward Caste† because, as in the case of the first generation of Yoruba’s, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy: According to Abraham Lincoln he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. In this wise democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright say on the government of their country although in a representative manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. Advanced countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world where they have ethnic identity. Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a religion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism : Elasar (cited in Akande, 1996:1)† the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading partnership for coal and steel is now moving towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal principle of governance†. The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government intended to be created with sharing or division of power among the federating unit, even the world highest organization body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central and regional governments each one autonomous of each other.

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses SUMMARY OF THESIS Name of speciality : Radio-diagnosis Name of System : Head and Neck Title of Thesis and : Role of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography in Paranasal Sinuses  Pathology, 2015. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla Name of Supervisor : Dr. Kavita Kapoor, Consultant Imaging, Batra Hospital and  Medical Research Centre, New Delhi. Hospital/Institute : Batra Hospital and Medical Research  Centre, New Delhi-110062. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To characterize pathologies of paranasal sinuses on MDCT and to delineate their anatomical location, extension and bony involvement. To correlate the multi detector computed tomography findings with clinical/surgical/histopathological/ microbiological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS STUDY AREA: The study was conducted at the Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging in collaboration with the Department of ENT, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre. Other departments are collaborated for acquiring cases, and follow up of patients to correlate clinically or histopathologically or microbiologically. STUDY POPULATION: 100 patients were included in our study mostly urban population. Patients belonged to both OPD and IPD cases. The study comprised of 65 males and 35 females. The number of male patients were higher than the female patients. There were 15 patients in 0 20 years age group, 36 patients in 21 40 years age group, 37 in 41 60 years age group and 12 were greater than 60 years. The age group of patients ranged from minimum of 9 months to maximum of 81 years. The highest number of patients were in 41 60 years age group. SAMPLE SIZE: 100 patients referred for evaluation of sinus complaints were enrolled in the study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and taking written/verbal informed consent from July 2013 to April 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with complaints like headache/nasal obstruction/discharge/hyposmia /swelling over cheek and with clinically suspected paranasal sinuses lesions referred for MDCT PNS evaluation. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Acute sinonasal inflammatory disease. Previous evidence of sinonasal surgery. All cases of trauma. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: (Ref.: Methods in biostatistics, Dr. B. K. Mahajan, 7th edition, pg. 85) For calculation of sample size Mahajans allowable error formula was applied. N = 4pq/e2 Where p = % of population = Target population/Total populationÃâ€"100 q = 1-p e = 20% of p As per CT room register over last 3 years Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/month = 20 Maximum no. of MDCT PNS cases coming under exclusion criteria/month = 5 So, Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/year = 240 Maximum no. of cases coming under exclusion criteria/year = 60 So, p = 180/240Ãâ€"100 = 75 q = 25 e = 20% of p = 15 N = 4Ãâ€"75Ãâ€"25/152 = 33. The minimum sample size thus calculated should be 33. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. CT PNS of the patients was evaluated for the cause of sinus complaints. Causes deduced from CT PNS were correlated with clinical/histopathological/surgical/ microbiological findings. ETHICAL ISSUES: The study was conducted after necessary approval from the Institutional review board and ethics committee. MDCT is a non-invasive modality. All safety and screening measures were undertaken as per the American College of Radiology practice guidelines for performing Computed Tomography. INSTRUMENTATION: Light VCT 64 slice MDCT of GE radical system with advanced workstation 4.3 GE. Protocol followed for MDCT PNS: 1. Scout : Lateral kV : 120 mA : 10 Scout Plane : 900 2. Axial Images kV : 120 mA : 120 Start/End : 0 to 74.3 Total Exposure Time : 5.4 sec Gantry tilt : 0 Interval : 0.625 mm Slice thickness : 0.625 mm Helical Scan Rotation Time : 0.6 sec Rotation Length : Full Pitch and Speed : 0.531:1 10.62 mm/rotation Detector Coverage : 20 mm PROFORMA Unique ID No: HISTORY: Presenting Complaints: Nasal discharge: Headache: Nasal obstruction: Epistaxis: Swelling over cheek: Hyposmia/Anosmia: Others: H/O Smoking: Occupational exposure: History of Allergy: Any other Systemic Illness: Family History: EXAMINATION: General Examination: Local Examination: Inspection: Probe test: Others: Important Surgical Findings: Investigational Results: MDCT PNS : Histopathology: Microbiological and other important lab tests: Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging Batra Hospital and Medical research Centre M.B.Road, New Delhi-110062. INFORMED CONSENT FORM I s/d/w of r/o do hereby declare that I give informed consent to participate in the thesis study titled, ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla has informed me to my full satisfaction, in the language understand, about the purpose, nature of study and various investigations to be carried out for the study. I have been informed about the duration of the study and the possible benefits and risks. I give full, free and voluntary consent for being enrolled in the above study and reserve the right to withdraw from the study whenever I wish to without any prejudice of my right to undergo further treatment at this hospital and its associated hospitals. I have been given a copy of this form along with the patient information sheet. For illiterates patient information sheet will be shared with the family members. The family members are expected to read out and then get the informed consent. We will try to take written consent, if not we will take verbal consent in front of relatives. (Signature/Thumb (Signature/Thumb Impression of patient) Impression of relative) Name: Name: Date: Relation: Verbal Consent: Date: PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET Title: ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Introduction: This statement describes the purpose, procedures, benefits, risks and discomforts of the study and your right to withdraw from the study at any point of time. Purpose: This study involves MDCT scan evaluation of patients with paranasal sinus complaints. Study Procedure: Your relevant clinical history will be recorded, clinical examination will be conducted and findings noted. MDCT PNS will be performed and the radiological findings will be recorded. These findings are correlated with clinical/surgical/histopathological/microbiological findings. Benefits: No monetary benefits will be given to you. However, any new information that can come to light regarding any new findings in the study will help in further management of the disease and help all other ailing patients suffering from this problem. Confidentiality: Records of your study participation will be kept confidential, under safe custody. Any publication of data will not identify you by name. By signing the consent form you authorise the sharing of your study related medical records to the regulatory authorities and the Institutional Ethical Committee. Information regarding withdrawal: You have the right to withdraw yourself from the study at any time during the course of the study without any prejudice to you or your familys right to undergo future treatment at BATRA HOSPITAL. Contact for additional information: Any time during or after the study, you can obtain further information about the study from Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla, Department of Radio-diagnosis, BHMRC, New Delhi. DATA ANALYSIS Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated, followed by use of Fischer Exact test. Diagnostic accuracy of MDCT for different pathologies were calculated The research hypothesis and statistical methods were formed in consultation with the Biostatistician. SALIENT FINDINGS Key imaging features considered were significant anatomical variations, site of involvement, bony and soft tissue changes, invasion of surrounding structures, pathognomic features and correlation with clinical complaints/surgical/pathological/microbiological findings. The patients were divided into five categories: bacterial sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, benign tumors, malignant tumors, and others. 84 patients presented with sub acute or chronic bacterial sinusitis, 4 patients were of fungal sinusitis, 4 patients presented with benign tumors, 3 patients with malignant tumors and 5 patients with other conditions. Among 84 patients with bacterial sinusitis, 26 patients presented with sporadic pattern, 23 patients with infundibular pattern, 23 patients with ostiomeatal unit pattern, 8 patients with polyposis pattern, and 4 patients with sphenoid recess pattern. The various causative factors which came across in infundibular pattern were Haller cells in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, uncinate process pneumatisation in 1 case, and mucoperiosteal thickening in 10 cases. The various causative factors for ostiomeatal pattern which were found during our study were: inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 4 cases, concha bullosa in 3 cases, concha lamella in 2 cases, agger nasi cell in 1 case, and paradoxical middle turbinate in 1 case. The various findings which were encountered in bacterial sinusitis in our study were: mucoperiosteal thickening in 84 cases, ostiomeatal unit block in 31 patients, bone thickening in 20 patients, bone thinning in 8 cases, and bone sclerosis in 6 patients. Various anatomical variations were encountered during our study. One or the other anatomic variation was found in 99 cases ( 99% ). Of the structures around ostiomeatal unit, giant bulla ethmoidalis was found in 35 cases, middle turbinate pneumatisation in 33 cases, paradoxical curvature of middle turbinate in 19 cases. Haller cell was found in 15 cases. Type 1 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 78 cases, type 2 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 21 cases. Deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 55 cases, inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 30 cases, accessory maxillary ostia in 26 cases, and agger nasi cell in 93 cases. Type 1 optic nerve course was found in 53 cases, type 2 in 14 cases, type 3 in 9 cases, and type 4 optic nerve course along with Onodi cells in 23 cases. Type 1 anterior clinoid process pneumatisation was found in 10 cases, type 2 pneumatisation in 1 case. Sphenoid septum lateral attachment in 7 cases, and sphenoid sinus septum pneumatisation in 14 cases. Among 4 patients with fungal sinusitis, the various findings were: bilateral / multisinus involvement was found in 4 cases, expansion of any involved sinus was found in 4 cases, intrasinus hyperdensity was found in 4 cases. Bony thinning was found in 4 cases, bony erosions and nasal cavity involvement was found in 3 cases. The various findings in 4 cases of benign tumors seen ( 1 inverted papilloma, 1 juvenile angiofibroma and 2 ivory osteomas ) were: bony thinning in 2 cases, bony remodelling in 2 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 1 case, and intra orbital extension in 1 case. Bony destruction, bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. Among 3 cases of malignant tumors, various findings were: : Bony destruction in 3 cases, bony thinning in 3 cases, bony remodelling in 0 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 2 cases, and intra orbital extension in 3 cases. Bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. In our study we found sensitivity and specificity for bacterial sinusitis as 100% and 94.11% respectively. The fungal sinusitis had sensitivity an specificity of 75% and 100% respectively. Benign, malignant tumors and others had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The diagnostic accuracy for bacterial sinusitis and fungal sinusitis was 99%, and the diagnostic accuracy of benign, malignant tumors and others was 100%. The p value was obtained after applying Fischer Exact test. The p value obtained was statistically significant for all the disease conditions. Based on the statistical values it can be inferred that multi detector computed tomography is useful to characterize paranasal sinuses lesions with respect to anatomical delineation, extension and bony involvement. There are certain limitations in our study. Our findings cannot be generalised to the whole population because of the limited sample size. However, our findings add value to the research done. The role of contrast cannot be adequately studied. The role of MRI in various paranasal sinus pathologies was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Paranasal sinus diseases are very commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Clinical assessment alone is not sufficient to reach a diagnosis, as the presentation of most of the conditions is nonspecific. Imaging forms the mainstay not only in making correct diagnosis, but also to know the extent of lesion, pre-operative assessment of the sinonasal anatomy and commonly encountered anatomic variations. X ray has low sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. CT is highly sensitive and specific in determining the presence of paranasal sinus pathology and clearly demonstrates the complex anatomy. The introduction of multi detector CT has transformed the axial imaging modality into a volumetric one and allows the pathology to be displayed in any desired plane. The capability of thin-section acquisition improves visualisation of tiny pathological details, and the isotropic nature of high spatial resolution data sets enables display in multiple planes, obvi ating image acquisition in prone or hyper extended patient position. RECOMMENDATIONS MDCT has proved to be highly sensitive in classifying the lesions into clinically relevant categories, making diagnosis and more so in knowing the extent of involvement with a high diagnostic accuracy. MDCT is an indispensible tool before Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) to accurately delineate the fine bony details that contribute to disease and also can predispose to complications which can be fatal. MDCT is very useful in predicting the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis by the presence of intrasinus hyperdensity, granulomatous diseases by the presence of nasal septal perforation and intracranial or intraorbital invasion, malignancy by bone destruction and invasion. MDCT can tailor the surgery according to the extent of disease. It helps in determining the prognosis of the malignant tumors depending on the site and extent of the disease. It can also obviate the need for surgery in certain conditions like polyposis. MRI can be problem solving tool in differentiating inflammatory sinonasal diseases from tumors, and also for the presence of intracranial or intraorbital extension. However, MRI alone cannot be performed in the evaluation of paranasal sinus diseases because of the problem of signal voids. It has to be supplemented by CT. MDCT is the preferred modality of all imaging studies available because of its ease, availability, accuracy, precision and low cost.

Breathe Right Strips Essay -- Chronic Nasal Congestion Health CNS Essa

Breath Right Strips Introduction According to the text, Breathe Right Strips were invented by Bruce Johnson, a chronic nasal congestion sufferer. Mr. Johnson Brought his creation to CNS Inc. CNS took the product and primarily marketed it to sports teams, nasal sufferers and night-time snorers. The product really became prominent when Jerry Rice of the San Francisco 49ers wore the product in the Super Bowl. According to cns.com, Breathe Right Strips is also available in vapor strips, clear and tan strips, and nasal strips for kids. Some of the other products include nasal spray, throat spray, fiberchoice and a portable vaporizer. Armed with these few, but strong products in 1995 CNS, decided to go global. Summary of the Facts The facts are that that there are advantages and disadvantages of CNS going global with the product. The advantages are that CNS can attempt to increase its market share and not have to rely on only domestic dollars, partnerships can begin to develop between local suppliers, and they can avoid costs of domestic licensing. The disadvantages are that there are local customs that need to be considered, the lack of name recognition of the brand, there may be stronger global competition, the international company may be used to different marketing, and there may be different trade regulations. The decision for CNS to go global takes careful analysis and an international strategy. Analysis The strategy that CNS decided to use is the three-stage approach. Stage 1 is Explore/test concept. Stage two is the Establish the product, and stage three is Manage the product. Using the SWOT analysis, I will analyze their marketing approach as it pertains to entering international territory. The strengths are that breathe right has already shown that it could successfully market the product in North America and make it a success. They have proven that they can package the product to tailor it to the international market, which would allow then to penetrate the market and refine messages for the local market as spelled out in stage 2 of their strategy. They have the ability to identify potential partners in the local global markets. When they first entered the global market, they partner with 3M, who had a handle on the marketing practices of the global market. According to The Business Journal, they regained control of their ... ...ons to attract people that are unaware of the product. They can also opt to do what they have always done, because the product is successful. To take the do-nothing approach is dreadful, because the competition is out there lurking, just waiting for CNS to rest on their laurels. Conclusion The CNS Company is already a successful company due to the achievements of its breathing right strips. In my analysis we learned that they already do a lot of things right. What they need to be aware of is the different economical situations in the global marketplace, there are different ways that the product is approved abroad, and there is competition lurking. CNS needs to continue to leverage their strengths, but capitalize on their opportunities and benchmark the competition. Works Cited Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz, and Rudelius. Marketing McGraw Hill 8th Edition â€Å"CNS Inc. to regain control of Breathe Right international sales from 3M† The Business Journal Minneapolis-St.Paul: 11 Oct. 1999 â€Å"Innovative Solutions to Everyday Problems† 2004 http://www.cns.com/products/products.html â€Å"1-2-3 Breathe† 2004 http://www.ginmiller.com/gmf04/gmfstore/healthbeauty/123breeathe.htm Breathe Right Strips Essay -- Chronic Nasal Congestion Health CNS Essa Breath Right Strips Introduction According to the text, Breathe Right Strips were invented by Bruce Johnson, a chronic nasal congestion sufferer. Mr. Johnson Brought his creation to CNS Inc. CNS took the product and primarily marketed it to sports teams, nasal sufferers and night-time snorers. The product really became prominent when Jerry Rice of the San Francisco 49ers wore the product in the Super Bowl. According to cns.com, Breathe Right Strips is also available in vapor strips, clear and tan strips, and nasal strips for kids. Some of the other products include nasal spray, throat spray, fiberchoice and a portable vaporizer. Armed with these few, but strong products in 1995 CNS, decided to go global. Summary of the Facts The facts are that that there are advantages and disadvantages of CNS going global with the product. The advantages are that CNS can attempt to increase its market share and not have to rely on only domestic dollars, partnerships can begin to develop between local suppliers, and they can avoid costs of domestic licensing. The disadvantages are that there are local customs that need to be considered, the lack of name recognition of the brand, there may be stronger global competition, the international company may be used to different marketing, and there may be different trade regulations. The decision for CNS to go global takes careful analysis and an international strategy. Analysis The strategy that CNS decided to use is the three-stage approach. Stage 1 is Explore/test concept. Stage two is the Establish the product, and stage three is Manage the product. Using the SWOT analysis, I will analyze their marketing approach as it pertains to entering international territory. The strengths are that breathe right has already shown that it could successfully market the product in North America and make it a success. They have proven that they can package the product to tailor it to the international market, which would allow then to penetrate the market and refine messages for the local market as spelled out in stage 2 of their strategy. They have the ability to identify potential partners in the local global markets. When they first entered the global market, they partner with 3M, who had a handle on the marketing practices of the global market. According to The Business Journal, they regained control of their ... ...ons to attract people that are unaware of the product. They can also opt to do what they have always done, because the product is successful. To take the do-nothing approach is dreadful, because the competition is out there lurking, just waiting for CNS to rest on their laurels. Conclusion The CNS Company is already a successful company due to the achievements of its breathing right strips. In my analysis we learned that they already do a lot of things right. What they need to be aware of is the different economical situations in the global marketplace, there are different ways that the product is approved abroad, and there is competition lurking. CNS needs to continue to leverage their strengths, but capitalize on their opportunities and benchmark the competition. Works Cited Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz, and Rudelius. Marketing McGraw Hill 8th Edition â€Å"CNS Inc. to regain control of Breathe Right international sales from 3M† The Business Journal Minneapolis-St.Paul: 11 Oct. 1999 â€Å"Innovative Solutions to Everyday Problems† 2004 http://www.cns.com/products/products.html â€Å"1-2-3 Breathe† 2004 http://www.ginmiller.com/gmf04/gmfstore/healthbeauty/123breeathe.htm